Autonomous endosperm development in flowering plants: how to overcome the imprinting problem?

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rinke Vinkenoog ◽  
Rod J. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Autonomous Endosperm

scholarly journals Exogenous steroid hormones stimulate full development of autonomous endosperm in Arabidopsis thaliana

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Rojek ◽  
Łukasz Pawełko ◽  
Małgorzata Kapusta ◽  
Aleksandra Naczk ◽  
Jerzy Bohdanowicz
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Restriction Analysis ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Central Cell ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Development And Differentiation ◽  
Autonomous Endosperm

<p>Most flowering plants, including important crops, require double fertilization to form an embryo and endosperm, which nourishes it. Independence from fertilization is a feature of apomictic plants that produce seeds, from which the plants that are clones of the mother plant arise. The phenomenon of apomixis occurs in some sexual plants under specific circumstances. Since the launch of a fertilization-independent mechanism is considered a useful tool for plant breeding, there have been efforts to artificially induce apomixis. We have been able to produce fertilization-independent endosperm in vitro in <em>Arabidopsis</em> over the last few years. This paper demonstrates the methods of improving the quality of the endosperm obtained using plant and mammalian steroid hormones. Additionally, it shows the study on the autonomous endosperm (AE) formation mechanism in vitro.</p><p>This paper examines the effect of exogenous steroid hormones on unfertilized egg and central cell divisions in culture of unpollinated pistils of <em>Arabidopsis</em> Col-0 wild-type and <em>fie-1</em> mutant. All media with hormones used (estrone, androsterone, progesterone, and epibrassinolide) stimulated central cell divisions and fertilization-independent endosperm development. The stages of AE development followed the pattern of <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> wild type after fertilization. Subsequent stages of AE were observed from 2-nuclear up to cellular with the most advanced occurring on medium with 24-epibrassinolide and progesterone. The significant influence of mammalian sex hormones on speed of AE development and differentiation was noticed. Using restriction analysis, the changes in methylation of <em>FIE</em> gene was established under in vitro condition. The authors of this paper showed that <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> has a high potency to fertilization-independent development.</p>

Hypomethylation Promotes Autonomous Endosperm Development and Rescues Postfertilization Lethality in fie Mutants

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2271
Author(s):  
Rinke Vinkenoog ◽  
Melissa Spielman ◽  
Sally Adams ◽  
Robert L. Fischer ◽  
Hugh G. Dickinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Autonomous Endosperm

Genomic Imprinting and Endosperm Development in Flowering Plants

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rinke Vinkenoog ◽  
Catherine Bushell ◽  
Melissa Spielman ◽  
Sally Adams ◽  
Hugh G. Dickinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Imprinting ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Flowering Plants

ThePolycombgroup protein MEDEA and the DNA methyltransferase MET1 interact to repress autonomous endosperm development in Arabidopsis

2013 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 776-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Schmidt ◽  
Heike J. P. Wöhrmann ◽  
Michael T. Raissig ◽  
Julia Arand ◽  
Jacqueline Gheyselinck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Autonomous Endosperm

scholarly journals Embryology and cytogenetics of Eupatorium pauciflorum and E. intermedium (Compositae)

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maristela Sanches Bertasso-Borges ◽  
James Robert Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Egg Cell ◽  
Pollen Production ◽  
Polygonum Type ◽  
Total Absence ◽  
Basic Set ◽  
Autonomous Endosperm ◽  
Germinated Pollen

The embryology of Eupatorium pauciflorum indicates diplospory with autonomous endosperm development. The embryo sac is of the polygonum type and the polar nuclei mostly fuse before anthesis. The occurrence of precocious embryo and endosperm development in unopened florets, and the total absence of germinated pollen grains on exposed stigmas, as well as the absence of pollen tubes in the ovules, indicate agamospermy to be obligate and embryo and endosperm development autonomous. The study of microsporogenesis revealed the total absence of pollen production in consequence of microsporocyte degeneration before the onset of meiosis, which resulted in absolute male sterility. E. pauciflorum was demonstrated to be an autotriploid with a basic set of 10 chromosomes, each represented three times. Embryological studies showed E. intermedium to undergo reductive meiosis with tetrad formation during megasporogenesis, followed by monosporic embryo sac development of the polygonum type. The polar nuclei fuse before anthesis. The egg cell invariably attains anthesis still undivided, without precocious embryony. Meiosis of microsporogenesis results in the regular formation of 10 bivalents and the subsequent stages of microsporogenesis are normal. Stigmatic loads indicate the regular occurrence of pollination with viable, functional grains. Karyotypic studies revealed a complement of 20 chromosomes separable into 10 pairs. It is concluded that E. pauciflorum, as represented by the material studied, is apomictic while E. intermedium is sexual.

scholarly journals Genetic Dissection of Apomixis in Dandelions Identifies a Dominant Parthenogenesis Locus and Highlights the Complexity of Autonomous Endosperm Formation

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Van Dijk ◽  
Rik Op den Camp ◽  
Stephen E. Schauer
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Genetic Dissection ◽  
Marker Allele ◽  
Nomarski Differential Interference Contrast ◽  
Autonomous Endosperm ◽  
Endosperm Formation ◽  
Common Dandelion ◽  
The Individual

Apomixis in the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) consists of three developmental components: diplospory (apomeiosis), parthenogenesis, and autonomous endosperm development. The genetic basis of diplospory, which is inherited as a single dominant factor, has been previously elucidated. To uncover the genetic basis of the remaining components, a cross between a diploid sexual seed parent and a triploid apomictic pollen donor was made. The resulting 95 triploid progeny plants were genotyped with co-dominant simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers and phenotyped for apomixis as a whole and for the individual apomixis components using Nomarski Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) microscopy of cleared ovules and seed flow cytometry. From this, a new SSR marker allele was discovered that was closely linked to parthenogenesis and unlinked to diplospory. The segregation of apomixis as a whole does not differ significantly from a three-locus model, with diplospory and parthenogenesis segregating as unlinked dominant loci. Autonomous endosperm is regularly present without parthenogenesis, suggesting that the parthenogenesis locus does not also control endosperm formation. However, the high recovery of autonomous endosperm is inconsistent with this phenotype segregating as the third dominant locus. These results highlight the genetic complexity underlying apomixis in the dandelion and underline the challenge of introducing autonomous apomixis into sexual crops.

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