Responses of electrophysiologically identified tuberohypophysial paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons were examined following electrical stimulation of the A1, A2, A6, and C2 catecholaminergic cell groups and of the ventral noradrenergic ascending bundle (VNAB). A1, A2, and A6 stimulation evoked primarily excitatory responses from the cells recorded, but C2 stimulation yielded a greater proportion of inhibitory responses. VNAB stimulation at low frequencies (0.5/5 Hz) excited the majority of cells tested, but high-frequency (50 Hz) trains of stimulation reversed the direction of response to inhibition for approximately half of the cells excited by single-shock stimulation. Only 5-Hz stimulation had any affect on blood pressure, causing a slight increase. Treatment with alpha-methylparatyrosine, to inhibit (nor) epinephrine synthesis, reduced the proportion of excitatory responses and prevented the response reversals following 50-Hz VNAB stimulation. Treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine also reduced the proportion of cells excited by VNAB stimulation. Iontophoresis of either norepinephrine or the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist l-phenylephrine increased the activity of most cells tested whilst the alpha 1-antagonist ergotamine reduced the activity of most cells tested and prevented excitation elicited by VNAB stimulation. The alpha 2-agonist clonidine excited all cells tested. The beta-antagonist propranolol increased the activity of the majority of cells and prevented inhibitory responses following 50-Hz VNAB stimulation. The results confirm a role for brain stem projections in regulating PVN neuronal activity and demonstrate for the first time that the VNAB provides excitatory input to the PVN, primarily regulated by alpha 1-adrenoceptors. The effects of propranolol on spontaneous activity, and on the inhibitory responses following high-frequency VNAB stimulation, indicate the presence of an inhibitory counterbalancing beta-adrenoceptor mechanism.
Catecholaminergic cell groups and vocal communication in male songbirds