Transcriptomics Reveal the Survival Strategies of Enterococcus mundtii in the Gut of Spodoptera littoralis

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-241
Author(s):  
Tilottama Mazumdar ◽  
Beng Soon Teh ◽  
Aishwarya Murali ◽  
Wolfgang Schmidt-Heck ◽  
Yvonne Schlenker ◽  
...  
Author(s):  
Tilottama Mazumdar ◽  
Beng Soon Teh ◽  
Aishwarya Murali ◽  
Wolfgang Schmidt-Heck ◽  
Yvonne Schlenker ◽  
...  

AbstractThe complex interaction between a higher organism and its resident gut flora is a subject of immense interest in the field of symbiosis. Many insects harbor a complex community of microorganisms in their gut. Larvae of Spodoptera littoralis, a lepidopteran pest which is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, have a tube-like gut structure containing a simple bacterial community. This community varies both spatially (along the length of the gut) and temporally (during the life cycle of the insect).To monitor the dynamics and rapid adaptation of microbes to the gut conditions, a GFP-tagged reporter E. mundtii was constructed. After feeding to early instar S. littoralis larvae, the tagged-microbes recovered from the fore and hind guts by flow cytometry. The fluorescent reporter confirmed the persistence of E. mundtii in the gut. RNA-sequencing of the sorted bacteria highlighted various strategies that the symbiont employs to survive, including upregulated pathways for tolerating alkaline stress, forming biofilms and two-component signaling systems, resisting oxidative stress and quorum sensing. Although these symbionts depend on the host for amino acid and fatty acids, differential regulation among various metabolic pathways points to an enriched lysine synthesis pathway in the hindgut of the larvae.


1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen Murphy ◽  
Karen Rosica
Keyword(s):  

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bayram Unal

This study deals with survival strategies of illegal migrants in Turkey. It aims to provide an explanation for the efforts to keep illegality sustainable for one specific ethnic/national group—that is, the Gagauz of Moldova, who are of Turkish ethnic origin. In order to explicate the advantages of Turkish ethnic origin, I will focus on their preferential treatment at state-law level and in terms of the implementation of the law by police officers. In a remarkable way, the juridical framework has introduced legal ways of dealing with the illegality of ethnically Turkish migrants. From the viewpoint of migration, the presence of strategic tools of illegality forces us to ask not so much law-related questions, but to turn to a sociological inquiry of how and why they overstay their visas. Therefore, this study concludes that it is the social processes behind their illegality, rather than its form, that is more important for our understanding of the migrants’ survival strategies in destination countries.


2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Thomas Parker ◽  
Nicole Danielle Osier ◽  
George M Garrity
Keyword(s):  

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