This paper is an inquiry into the suspected relationship between toppling and large deep-seated landslides along the Beaver Valley, Glacier National Park, British Columbia. The study area includes the Heather Hill landslide, one of several in the valley, and adjacent slopes that show varying degrees of toppling disturbance. The development of the Heather Hill landslide is simulated using the distinct element method of numerical analysis. The rock mass is modelled using deformable columns whose boundaries represent a coarse approximation of in situ discontinuity patterns. An intercalated change in the predominant lithologies and a concomitant change in discontinuity spacings are modelled by varying column thickness and material properties. The analysis confirms that a deep-seated failure surface can develop as a result of the toppling process. The intercalated change in lithologies and the related change in discontinuity spacings account for the curvilinear failure surface and the headscarp position of the Heather Hill landslide. These variables are believed to also control the overall distribution of landslides in the Beaver Valley. The paper demonstrates that the distinct element method provides an effective basis for quantitative analysis of large scale toppling. Many more applications will be needed to refine the geometric and material property generalizations used in this study. Nevertheless, the method appears to offer considerable promise for elucidating problems of rock slope behaviour in both slope engineering and geomorphology. Key words: toppling, landslide, British Columbia, mountains, numerical modelling, distinct element method.
Simulation of cracking near a large underground cavern in a discontinuous rock mass using the expanded distinct element method