ABSTRACT
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is rapidly activated by stresses and is believed to play an important role in the stress response. While Chk1 is known to mediate G2 DNA damage checkpoint control, p38 was also reported to have an essential function in this checkpoint control. Here, we have investigated further the roles of p38 and Chk1 in the G2 DNA damage checkpoint in cancer cells. We find that although p38 activation is strongly induced by DNA damage, its activity is not required for the G2 DNA damage checkpoint. In contrast, Chk1 kinase is responsible for the execution of G2 DNA damage checkpoint control in p53-deficient cells. The inhibition of p38 activity has no effect on Chk1 activation and γ-H2AX expression. Global gene expression profiling of cancer cells in response to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) revealed that p38 plays a strong prosurvival role through the coordinated downregulation of proapoptotic genes and upregulation of prosurvival genes. We show that the inhibition of p38 activity during G2 DNA damage checkpoint arrest triggers apoptosis in a p53-independent manner with a concurrent decrease in the level of Bcl2 family proteins. Our results suggest that although p38 MAPK is not required for the G2 DNA damage checkpoint function, it plays an important prosurvival role during the G2 DNA damage checkpoint response through the upregulation of the Bcl2 family proteins.
The Protein Kinase Cδ Catalytic Fragment Is Critical for Maintenance of the G2/M DNA Damage Checkpoint