Heterogeneity of paralytic shellfish poisons. three new toxins from cultured Gony aulax tamarensis cells, Mya arenaria and Saxidomus giganteus

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasukatsu Oshima ◽  
Lawrence J. Buckley ◽  
Maktoob Alam ◽  
Yuzuru Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Mya Arenaria ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Saxidomus Giganteus

Paralytic Toxins in the Dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavata and in Shellfish

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan W. White ◽  
Lucie Maranda
Keyword(s):  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Mya Arenaria ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Alkaline Peroxide ◽  
Modiolus Modiolus ◽  
Toxin Content ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Chemical Assay ◽  
Alkaline Peroxide Oxidation

Paralytic toxins were examined quantitatively in a culture of Gonyaulax excavata and in shellfish by the standard mouse bioassay and by an alkaline peroxide oxidation–fluorometric assay for saxitoxin (STX). The dinoflagellate probably contains at least three toxins, including STX, which represents 3–20% of the total toxin load. During growth in culture the toxin content per cell decreased progressively; however, relative amounts of the three toxins remained roughly similar. In toxic shellfish from nature (Mya arenaria, Mytilus edulis, Modiolus modiolus) and in shellfish fed G. excavata under controlled conditions the relative amounts of toxins differed from those in G. excavata, suggesting toxin interconversions and interference with the chemical assay by toxins other than STX. The consistency in the relationships between bioassay and chemical assay results for clam samples was fair, although the chemical assay measured from 16 to 48% of the bioassay. The chemical assay is questionable as an indicator of total toxin content, and until further data are accumulated the mouse bioassay method is considered more reliable for measuring paralytic, G. excavata toxins in shellfish. Key words: Gonyaulax excavata, dinoflagellate toxins, paralytic shellfish poisoning, saxitoxin, toxin measurement

Paralytic Shellfish Poison and Melanin Distribution in Fractions of Toxic Butter Clam (Saxidomus giganteus) Siphon

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1657-1658 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Price ◽  
J. S. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Binding Agent ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poison ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Saxidomus Giganteus

Frozen toxic butter clam (Saxidomus giganteus) siphons were fractionated and each fraction was bioassayed for paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) and chemically analyzed for melanin. Sonication removed over 50% of the melanin from the siphons and this fraction contained nearly 50% of the PSP initially present in the siphons. The data presented further implicate melanin as a PSP binding agent in vivo.

Effect of Cations on the Interaction Between Paralytic Shellfish Poison and Butter Clam (Saxidomus giganteus) Melanin

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1659-1661 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Price ◽  
J. S. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poison ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Saxidomus Giganteus

The interaction between paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) and butter clam (Saxidomus giganteus) melanin was strongly influenced by the presence of cations. The amount of PSP bound by the melanin decreased by 68% in the presence of Al+++, 62 and 57%, respectively, with Ca++ and Ba++, and 17 and 15% with Na+ and K+. Salt solutions containing 0.01-M Al+++, Mg++, Ca++, Ba++, Na+, or K+ induced the desorption of PSP bound to melanin by 54, 34, 28, 19, 11, and 4%, respectively. These results confirm our earlier conclusion that the PSP–melanin interaction is reversible and electrostatic in nature.

Biogeography of resistance to paralytic shellfish toxins in softshell clam, Mya arenaria (L.), populations along the Atlantic coast of North America

2018 ◽  
Vol 202 ◽  
pp. 196-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Phillips ◽  
V. Monica Bricelj ◽  
Maren Mitch ◽  
Robert M. Cerrato ◽  
Scott MacQuarrie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Mya Arenaria ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Softshell Clam

Population differences in nerve resistance to paralytic shellfish toxins in softshell clam, Mya arenaria, associated with sodium channel mutations

2006 ◽  
Vol 150 (6) ◽  
pp. 1227-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie B. Connell ◽  
Scott P. MacQuarrie ◽  
Betty M. Twarog ◽  
Melissa Iszard ◽  
V. Monica Bricelj
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Channel ◽  
Mya Arenaria ◽  
Population Differences ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Softshell Clam

Ozone detoxification of paralytic shellfish poison in the softshell clam (Mya arenaria)

Toxicon ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 650-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter J. Blogoslawski ◽  
Mary Elizabeth Stewart ◽  
John W. Hurst ◽  
Frederick G. Kern
Keyword(s):  
Mya Arenaria ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poison ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Softshell Clam

Interaction Between Paralytic Shellfish Poison and Melanin Obtained from Butter Clam (Saxidomus giganteus) and Synthetic Melanin

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1789-1792 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Price ◽  
J. S. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchanger ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Anatomical Distribution ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poison ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Saxidomus Giganteus

The interaction between paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) and melanin from butter clam (Saxidomus giganteus) and synthetic melanin followed a pattern similar to that reported between PSP and a cation exchanger. The close relation between the anatomical distribution of melanin in butter clams and the distribution of PSP in toxic butter clams suggests that melanin may play an important role in the retention of PSP by these clams.

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