Paralytic Toxins in the Dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavata and in Shellfish

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan W. White ◽  
Lucie Maranda
Keyword(s):  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Mya Arenaria ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Alkaline Peroxide ◽  
Modiolus Modiolus ◽  
Toxin Content ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Chemical Assay ◽  
Alkaline Peroxide Oxidation

Paralytic toxins were examined quantitatively in a culture of Gonyaulax excavata and in shellfish by the standard mouse bioassay and by an alkaline peroxide oxidation–fluorometric assay for saxitoxin (STX). The dinoflagellate probably contains at least three toxins, including STX, which represents 3–20% of the total toxin load. During growth in culture the toxin content per cell decreased progressively; however, relative amounts of the three toxins remained roughly similar. In toxic shellfish from nature (Mya arenaria, Mytilus edulis, Modiolus modiolus) and in shellfish fed G. excavata under controlled conditions the relative amounts of toxins differed from those in G. excavata, suggesting toxin interconversions and interference with the chemical assay by toxins other than STX. The consistency in the relationships between bioassay and chemical assay results for clam samples was fair, although the chemical assay measured from 16 to 48% of the bioassay. The chemical assay is questionable as an indicator of total toxin content, and until further data are accumulated the mouse bioassay method is considered more reliable for measuring paralytic, G. excavata toxins in shellfish. Key words: Gonyaulax excavata, dinoflagellate toxins, paralytic shellfish poisoning, saxitoxin, toxin measurement

Application of Carboxymethyl Chitosan on Adsorbent Detoxification of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins from Chlamys nobilis

2014 ◽  
Vol 1073-1076 ◽  
pp. 1798-1803
Author(s):  
Song Shan Zhang ◽  
Jing Jin ◽  
Qing Peng Li ◽  
Yi Ming Ha
Keyword(s):  
Adductor Muscle ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Carboxymethyl Chitosan ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Toxin Content ◽  
Steam Cooking ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Adductor Muscles ◽  
Psp Toxins

This study investigates the effectiveness of adding carboxymethyl chitosan during steam cooking as an adsorbent for detoxifying paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSP toxins) in the scallop Chlamys nobilis. Toxin analysis using a mouse bioassay test and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method (LC–MS) showed that most of the PSP toxins (>80%) were contained in the visceral compartment of the raw scallops. Overall, 82.2Mu/100g of PSP toxins were released from scallop tissues during steaming. The toxicity of the soup steamed with 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.0% and 1.5% carboxymethyl chitosan decreased the toxin content by 35.6%, 44%, 48.4%, 53.3% and 56.9% (p<0.005), respectively. The relative PSP toxin content in the raw adductor muscle was comparable to those after steaming or steaming with carboxymethyl chitosan (p > 0.05).The PSP toxin concentrations in the adductor muscles, gills + mantle and visceral compartments steamed with 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 1% and 1.5% carboxymethyl chitosan were not significantly different from those in the corresponding raw samples. The LC–MS analysis showed that the adsorbance of carboxymethyl chitosan for each of the PSP toxins was positive correlation with concentration, although the uptake efficiency of each toxin was different. The reduction in toxin content of all analyzed toxins reached 45.6%, 30.2%, 44.5%, 55.9% and 37.6% under the corresponding carboxymethyl chitosan concentrationsis.

scholarly journals Immunoassay Methods for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins

2001 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 1649-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewald Usleber ◽  
Richard Dietrich ◽  
Christine Bürk ◽  
Elisabeth Schneider ◽  
Erwin Märtlbauer
Keyword(s):  
Test Procedure ◽  
Microtiter Plate ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Sample Extract ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Psp Toxins ◽  
Immunochemical Techniques

Abstract The current status of immunochemical techniques for analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins is summarized. Important aspects regarding production of the biological reagents necessary for immunochemical methods, the characteristics of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin, and the importance of test sensitivity and specificity are discussed. Applications of immunochemical techniques for PSP toxins include microtiter plate enzyme immunoasays and enzyme-linked immunofiltration assays for toxin detection, and immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) for sample extract cleanup. A major advantage of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is simplicity and rapidity of the test procedure, and higher sensitivity than other methods. However, quantitative agreement between EIA and mouse bioassay is dependent on antibody specificity and the toxin profile in the shellfish; thus, both over- and underestimation of total toxicity may occur. For screening purposes, however, EIAs offer major advantages over the mouse bioassay, which is criticized in Europe because of animal welfare. A major application of antibodies against PSP toxins is their use for extract cleanup by IAC, which gives highly purified extracts, thereby enhancing determination of PSP toxins by conventional physicochemical methods such as liquid chromatography. IAC can also be used to isolate PSP toxins for preparation of analytical standard solutions.

scholarly journals Proficiency Testing of Eight French Laboratories in Using the AOAC Mouse Bioassay for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: Interlaboratory Collaborative Study

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martial LeDoux ◽  
Sherwood Hall ◽  
Madeleine Bohec ◽  
Bernard Charron ◽  
Magali Esnault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Solution ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Standard Solution ◽  
Overall Performance

Abstract In an interlaboratory study, 8 French laboratories were tested for their proficiency in using the AOAC mouse bioassay for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Each laboratory received 1 saxitoxin (STX) standard solution, 1 STX acidified water solution for determination of the titer, 1 noncontaminated shellfish sample, 1 naturally contaminated shellfish sample, and 2 shellfish samples spiked, respectively, at low (152.8 μg STX/100 g meat) and moderate (334.7 μg STX/100 g meat) levels. All samples were analyzed in duplicate. Mean recoveries were 35.1% for the low level and 46.6% for the moderate level. Relative standard deviations (RSD) for within-laboratory variations (repeatability) ranged from 5.4 to 9.8%; RSD for between-laboratory variations (reproducibility) varied from 7.8 to 39.6%, depending on STX level. On the basis of overall performance, all 8 participating laboratories were proficient in their use of the AOAC mouse bioassay.

scholarly journals Assessment of MIST Alert™, a Commercial Qualitative Assay for Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Bivalve Molluscs

2002 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 632-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona H Mackintosh ◽  
Susan Gallacher ◽  
Aileen M Shanks ◽  
Elizabeth A Smith
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Psp Toxins

Abstract A recently developed commercial rapid test kit (MIST Alert™) was assessed for determination of the presence of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in shellfish. Several commercially important shellfish species obtained from the UK shellfish toxin monitoring program, containing a range of total PSP toxicities as determined by the mouse bioassay (MBA), were tested. The kit detected toxin in all samples containing the European Community tolerance level of 80 μg saxitoxin (STX) equivalents/100 g shellfish flesh as determined by the MBA. With one exception, the kit detected toxin in all samples that contained &gt;40 μg STX equivalents/100 g according to the MBA. Among samples in which the MBA did not detect toxin, the kit disagreed in 25% of the tests, although further analysis by liquid chromatography (LC) and MBA of some samples confirmed the presence of toxins. These results suggest that MIST Alert may be suitable as an initial screen for PSP toxins as part of routine monitoring programs, thereby greatly reducing the number of MBAs. Trials were also performed by nonscientific personnel to evaluate the ease of use and interpretation of results obtained by MIST Alert. The results indicated that the kits could be readily used and accurately interpreted by individuals with no technical or scientific background.

Evaluation of mouse bioassay results in an inter-laboratory comparison for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 912-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jijuan Cao ◽  
Jiang Zheng ◽  
Bing Yu ◽  
Qiuyan Wang ◽  
Junyi Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish

scholarly journals Comparison of Mouse Bioassay and Sodium Channel Cytotoxicity Assay for Detecting Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Shellfish Extracts

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 1130-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope Truman ◽  
Robin J Lake
Keyword(s):  
Screening Program ◽  
Neuroblastoma Cell ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Regulatory Limits ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Cell Culture Assay ◽  
Neuroblastoma Cell Culture

Abstract A neuroblastoma cell culture assay was used to analyze shellfish extracts for presence of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (saxitoxins). Results were compared with mouse bioassays performed as part of a screening program for shellfish toxins in New Zealand. Twenty-nine samples gave negative results in both assays. Fifty-seven samples gave positive results in at least one assay. The correlation between the assays for saxitoxin equivalent levels in shellfish was 0.867. In spiking studies on shellfish extracts, the neuroblastoma assay showed a good response to added saxitoxin. Although these results support use of the neuroblastoma assay as a screening procedure for shellfish toxicity, results close to regulatory limits should be confirmed by mouse bioassay.

scholarly journals Algal blooms of Alexandrium spp. and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning toxicity events in mussels farmed in Sicily

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Costa ◽  
Vincenzina Alio ◽  
Sonia Sciortino ◽  
Luisa Nicastro ◽  
Monica Cangini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Alexandrium Minutum ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Production Area

Marine biotoxins can accumulate in filter-feeders bivalve molluscs, that may represent a source of potential health problems being vectors of toxins, that are transferred to humans through their consumption. Harmful Algal Blooms impact on aquaculture may give also economic losses due to temporary closures of contaminated shellfish harvest and marketing. The presence of toxic algae for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), with recurrent toxic blooms of dinoflagellates, such as several Alexandrium species, been known since 2000 in the waters of an Ionian bay of Sicily, the Syracuse harbour, where shellfish farms are located. Our previous works reported in this area the positivity for PSP toxin in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) with saxitoxin concentrations above the limit of the law and the simultaneous presence of toxic species of the genus Alexandrium in the waters. This work reports new recent episodes of algal blooms of Alexandrium minutum in the waters of the Syracuse harbour and PSP toxin contamination in farmed mussels, with values beyond the limits established by law, with the consequent immediate closure of the production area. PSP toxicity was detected with the MBA (Mouse Bioassay) with the confirm carried out with Lawrence method to quantify the total saxitoxin equivalents and characterize the toxic profile. Regular application of the implemented health plan is very important in order to prevent any risk and protect consumer health.

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