Passage of heavy ions produces radiation-damage trails known as latent tracks in a variety of solid-state nuclear-track detectors (SSNTDs). These tracks are made visible in an optical microscope by a simple process known as chemical etching. It is a well-known fact that latent tracks are radiation damage trails in SSNTDs, which can be annealed by thermal heating. Modgil-Virk formulation of single-activation-energy model of radiation damage annealing was proposed as an empirical approach for explaining the thermal fading of nuclear tracks in SSNTDs. The empirical formulation of this model is based on track annealing data collected from both isothermal and isochronal experiments performed on different types of SSNTDs using a variety of heavy ion beams and fission fragments. The main objective of this empirical model was to resolve some contradictions of variable activation energy derived by using Arrhenius plots to study annealing in mineral SSNTDs. Some equivalent versions of the Modgil-Virk model have been proposed but the concept of single activation energy is vindicated in all empirical formulations. The model always yields a unique value of activation energy independent of the nature of the ion beam used and the degree of annealing. The anisotropy of the mineral SSNTDs is revealed by variation in activation energy along different crystal planes and even with different orientations of the ion beam on the same plane. Some recent experiments are a pointer to the successful exploitation of this model for future cosmic-rays studies using SSNTDs.
Hybrid continuum–atomistic modelling of swift heavy ion radiation damage in germanium