Morphophysiological Organization of Vestibulo-Autonomic Pathways

2020 ◽  
pp. 432-444
Author(s):  
Gay R. Holstein
Keyword(s):  
Autonomic Pathways

Activation in vagal afferents and central autonomic pathways: Early responses to intestinal infection with Campylobacter jejuni

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa E. Goehler ◽  
Ronald P.A. Gaykema ◽  
Noel Opitz ◽  
Rebecca Reddaway ◽  
Nadia Badr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Intestinal Infection ◽  
Autonomic Pathways

Reflex bronchial vasodilation in dogs evoked by injection of a small volume of water into a bronchus

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 2195-2202 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Pisarri ◽  
H. M. Coleridge ◽  
J. C. Coleridge
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Mucosal Blood Flow ◽  
Vagus Nerves ◽  
C Fibers ◽  
Autonomic Pathways ◽  
Lobar Bronchus ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Pharmacological Blockade ◽  
Airway Defense ◽  
Response To Water

Injection of water into a lobar bronchus stimulates airway C-fibers and rapidly adapting receptors and evokes airway defense reflexes. To determine whether this stimulus also evokes a reflex increase in bronchial blood flow (Qbr), we injected 1–2 ml of water into a lobar bronchus in anesthetized dogs. Injection decreased arterial pressure but increased Qbr from 9 +/- 1 to 21 +/- 3 ml/min. The increase had a latency of 6–8 s and reached a peak after approximately 20 s; Qbr returned to control after 60–90 s. Airway mucosal blood flow, measured by colored microspheres, increased in proportion to Qbr. In contrast, flow in an adjacent intercostal artery that did not supply the airway decreased slightly. Injection of isosmotic saline had little effect. In 13 of 16 dogs, the water-induced increase in Qbr was abolished by cutting or cooling the cervical vagus nerves and hence was entirely dependent on centrally mediated vagal pathways. When the vagus nerves were intact, about one-third of the vasodilator response remained after pharmacological blockade of muscarinic and adrenergic receptors. We conclude that in dogs the defense response to water in the lower airways includes a large increase in Qbr that is partly due to activation of nonadrenergic noncholinergic autonomic pathways.

Mechanisms of pressor and bradycardic responses to L-glutamate microinjected into the NTS of conscious rats

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (3) ◽  
pp. R730-R738 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Colombari ◽  
L. G. Bonagamba ◽  
B. H. Machado
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Kynurenic Acid ◽  
Excitatory Amino Acid ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors ◽  
Amino Acid Receptors ◽  
Conscious Rats ◽  
Reflex Bradycardia ◽  
Autonomic Pathways ◽  
Related Pattern

Microinjection of increasing doses of L-glutamate (L-Glu, 0.03-5.0 nmol/100 nl) into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) produced a dose-related pressor and bradycardic response. Prazosin virtually abolished the pressor response but produced no changes in the bradycardic response to L-Glu, indicating that bradycardia is not reflex in origin. The bradycardic response was blocked by atropine. In three different groups of rats, excitatory amino acid receptors in the NTS were blocked by increasing doses of kynurenic acid (0.5, 2.0, and 10.0 nmol/100 nl) and the pressor and bradycardic responses to L-Glu (1 nmol/100 nl) were reduced in a dose-related pattern. Reflex bradycardia induced by an increase in pressure caused by phenylephrine (iv) was also blocked by kynurenic acid. These data show that microinjection of L-Glu into the NTS of conscious rats produced pressor and bradycardic responses, which are due to the activation of two independent autonomic pathways. The data also indicate that the activation of both pathways is mediated by excitatory amino acid receptors. Considering that reflex bradycardia was also blocked by kynurenic acid, we suggest that L-Glu and excitatory amino acid receptors are part of the parasympathetic limb of the baroreceptor reflex. The pressor response to L-Glu is also mediated by excitatory amino acid receptors, but its physiological meaning is still unclear.

Neurally mediated increase in mitosis and DNA of rat parotid with increase in bulk of diet

1976 ◽  
Vol 230 (4) ◽  
pp. 911-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
CA Schneyer ◽  
HD Hall
Keyword(s):  
Cell Number ◽  
Dietary Change ◽  
Nucleic Acid Content ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Parasympathetic Innervation ◽  
Principal Role ◽  
Autonomic Pathways ◽  
Autonomic Pathway ◽  
Total Dna ◽  
Rat Parotid

A transient burst of mitosis was induced in rat parotid gland 2 days after change from a diet of solid chow only to one consisting of 50% inert cellulose and 50% solid chow (bulk diet). Mitosis was thus induced when glandular activity was changed from normal levels (solid chow) to levels greater than normal (bulk diet). Elimination of either autonomic pathway inhibited the mitotic response, but elimination of the parasympathetic had the greater inhibitory influence. The burst of mitosis induced by bulk diet was followed by increases in total DNA (16%), RNA (24%) and weight (27%) of the gland 2 wk after the dietary change. These changes did not occur when both autonomic pathways were, or only the parasympathetic was, removed immediately prior to the dietary change. Effects of sympathectomy were less pronounced. The parasympathetic innervation has the principal role in regulation of mitosis, cell number and size, and nucleic acid content when glandular activity is increased above normal by physiological means.

The origin of the vomiting response: a neuroanatomical hypothesis

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
L N. C. Lawes
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Pattern Generator ◽  
The Other ◽  
Behaviour Pattern ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Paraventricular Nuclei ◽  
Autonomic Pathways

The connections of area postrema include a set of nuclei with a common topographical location immediately deep to the ependyma or pia mater. These nuclei are all within two principal synapses of the area postrema and can be reached by more than one route from it. There is direct evidence that, like the area postrema, a number of these nuclei participate in vomiting. It is suggested that the paraventricular system may act as a distributed pattern generator for the several processes known to be integrated in the emetic response. It is also suggested that the other functions of the paraventricular nuclei, mainly homeostatic in mammals, have all evolved from a prototypical behaviour pattern of escape from, and subsequent avoidance of, noxious stimuli. Thus, through this system of nuclei, blood pressure, respiration, gastrointestinal motility and secretion, fluid and electrolyte balance, and the ingestion of food may all be influenced by noxious situations.Key words: vomiting, central autonomic pathways, homeostasis, escape, osmoregulation.

Descending Autonomic Pathways in the Spinal Cord

1964 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. L. KERR ◽  
S. ALEXANDER
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Autonomic Pathways
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