PAMM and the ischemic cascade associated with radiation retinopathy

Histologic Findings of Choroidal Vasculopathy in Eyes Enucleated following Radiation Therapy for Uveal Melanoma: Radiation Choroidopathy

Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde ◽

10.1055/a-1275-0626 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sean Platt ◽

Diva R. Salomao ◽

Jose Pulido

Keyword(s):

Radiation Therapy ◽

Uveal Melanoma ◽

Malignant Tumors ◽

Vitreous Hemorrhage ◽

Radiation Retinopathy ◽

Radiation Induced ◽

Histopathologic Analysis ◽

Choroidal Vessels ◽

Choroidal Vasculopathy

Abstract Introduction Little has been published about the choroidal vascular changes that occur years after radiation exposure. The aim of this study was to review the histological changes observed in the choroidal vasculature following radiotherapy for uveal melanoma. Methods Records from a single institution were retrospectively reviewed from June 7, 2007 to June 7, 2017; 101 patients with a diagnosis of uveal melanoma that underwent enucleation had their records reviewed. Out of these, a total of 26 eyes had undergone plaque brachytherapy prior to enucleation, which had been performed at a mean time of 7.2 years (range from 0 years to 30 years) after the initial plaque placement. A histopathologic analysis was conducted on all 26 eyes with special emphasis on the choroidal changes. Of these 26 eyes, 18 demonstrated evidence of radiation-induced vasculopathy. Results Of the 18 eyes, 10/18 (55%) had radiation retinopathy and 16/18 (89%) had radiation choroidal vasculopathy. One patient had a phthisical eye, and the choroid could not be evaluated because the characteristics of the vasculature could not be determined. Nine cases had vitreous hemorrhage (50%), all cases had radiation retinopathy, and 8/9 (89%) had radiation choroidopathy. Of the 16 cases with radiation choroidal vasculopathy, 3/16 (19%) had only intratumoral radiation choroidal vasculopathy, 3/16 (19%) had only extratumoral radiation choroidal vasculopathy, and, thus, 10/16 (32%) had both intratumoral and extratumoral radiation choroidal vasculopathy. In patients with radiation choroidal vasculopathy, 2/16 (13%) had hyalinization of the choroidal vessels. Another 3/16 (19%) cases with radiation choroidal vasculopathy had ectatic vessels. The other 11/16 (68%) had evidence of both hyalinization of the choroidal vessels as well as ectatic vessels in the choroid. Histological evidence of radiation retinopathy and choroidopathy were seen in 69% of eyes enucleated after receiving radiation therapy, which, in some cases, also had vitreous hemorrhage. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, choroidal neovascularization, and retinal choroidal anastomoses (RAP-type lesions) were seen in 12 of the 16 eyes (75%). Discussion/Conclusion Irradiation of malignant tumors of the eye causes not only radiation retinopathy but also radiation choroidopathy. The role of radiation choroidopathy in the subsequent visual loss following radiotherapy and the role of anti-VEGF therapy needs to be recognized and distinguished from radiation retinopathy. Our data adds to the prior limited knowledge that radiation affects the choroid and can induce specific phenotypes similar to the clinical spectrum of CNV, PCV, and RAP.

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Late Visual and Auditory Toxicity of Radiotherapy for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Tumori Journal ◽

10.1177/030089160308900114 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 89 (1) ◽

pp. 68-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Edward Rosenblatt ◽

Olga R Brook ◽

Nurit Erlich ◽

Benjamin Miller ◽

Henry Z Joachims ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Hearing Loss ◽

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽

Dry Eye ◽

Dry Eye Syndrome ◽

Ophthalmological Examination ◽

Fundus Examination ◽

Radiation Retinopathy ◽

Long Term Survivors

Aims and Background Classical irradiation of carcinoma of the nasopharynx involves large fields and high doses; therefore, significant late toxicity and late side effects are to be expected. Given the fact that nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a relatively radiosensitive disease and a significant proportion of patients are long-term survivors, late visual and auditory complications of treatment are of utmost concern for patients and radiation oncologists. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term visual and auditory toxicity in patients treated with radiotherapy for NPC. Methods and Study Design Forty-three long-term survivors (including 11 children), following definitive radiotherapy for NPC, underwent a thorough visual and auditory evaluation 2–22 years after their treatment. Ophthalmological examination consisted of anamnesis of dry eye syndrome and visual acuity, visual acuity testing, slit-lamp examination, Schirmer test, fundus examination, and intraocular pressure measurement, as well as fluorescein angiography in patients with pathological vascular findings in the fundus examination. Audiological evaluation included anamnesis of hearing loss, tinnitus or vertigo, examination of the ears and nasopharynx, audiogram, and tympanogram. Results Radiation retinopathy was found in 16% of patients by fundus examination, with one patient (2.3%) developing blindness. Severe dry eye syndrome was present in 26%. Fifty-six percent had some degree of hearing impairment, with 74% showing severe sensorineural hearing loss. Fifty-eight percent of patients reported tinnitus and 26% reported suffering from dizziness. Radiation retinopathy as well as all manifestations of auditory toxicity were found to bear a direct correlation with dose per fraction. Conclusions Unless there is tumor involvement, the orbital contents should be completely excluded from the target volume. Auditory toxicity is significant when treating NPC with two-dimensional techniques.

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