Is salivary gland function altered in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity–insulin resistance?

During the last two decades the acute interest in longevity has been kept by the world’s scientific community in relation to quality of health of older adults and prevention of emerging diseases including oral disorders in the old age. This article presents the study of oral conditions in 100 patients between the ages of 60 and 69 who were divided into three groups. This study aims to define approaches to preventive periodontal care for elderly patients with comorbidities. The primary group included patients with periodontal disease (PD) and salivary gland dysfunction: Sjogren’s disease and syndrome, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, chronic pancreatitis. Two experimental groups included patients with normal salivary gland function and PD as well practically healthy persons without PD and normal salivary gland function. A comparative analysis of the results showed spread of dental caries (100%) and periodontal diseases (80%). The clear correlation between periodontium complex inflammation and poor oral hygiene is defined, mostly with men (p<0.05). Structural and optical properties of mixed saliva significantly change subject to periodontium inflammation and xerostomia: severity of xerostomia corresponding to profound hemodynamic and microcirculatory changes causes more intensive structural developmental abnormalities of mixed saliva. The important component of the Periodontal Treatment Protocol is to help older people develop skills and controls of effective thorough tooth brushing.

Download Full-text

Faculty Opinions recommendation of Prospective randomized study of intensity-modulated radiotherapy on salivary gland function in early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1109037.565005 ◽

2008 ◽

Author(s):

Mitchell Machtay

Keyword(s):

Salivary Gland ◽

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽

Early Stage ◽

Randomized Study ◽

Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy ◽

Prospective Randomized Study ◽

Salivary Gland Function ◽

Intensity Modulated ◽

Gland Function

Download Full-text

Disease-Induced Changes in Salivary Gland Function and the Composition of Saliva

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/00220345211004842 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002203452110048

Author(s):

G.B. Proctor ◽

A.M. Shaalan

Keyword(s):

Salivary Gland ◽

Sjögren Syndrome ◽

Healthy Population ◽

Sjogren Syndrome ◽

Salivary Gland Function ◽

Salivary Gland Dysfunction ◽

Gland Function ◽

And Function ◽

The Impact ◽

Saliva Composition

Although the physiological control of salivary secretion has been well studied, the impact of disease on salivary gland function and how this changes the composition and function of saliva is less well understood and is considered in this review. Secretion of saliva is dependent upon nerve-mediated stimuli, which activate glandular fluid and protein secretory mechanisms. The volume of saliva secreted by salivary glands depends upon the frequency and intensity of nerve-mediated stimuli, which increase dramatically with food intake and are subject to facilitatory or inhibitory influences within the central nervous system. Longer-term changes in saliva secretion have been found to occur in response to dietary change and aging, and these physiological influences can alter the composition and function of saliva in the mouth. Salivary gland dysfunction is associated with different diseases, including Sjögren syndrome, sialadenitis, and iatrogenic disease, due to radiotherapy and medications and is usually reported as a loss of secretory volume, which can range in severity. Defining salivary gland dysfunction by measuring salivary flow rates can be difficult since these vary widely in the healthy population. However, saliva can be sampled noninvasively and repeatedly, which facilitates longitudinal studies of subjects, providing a clearer picture of altered function. The application of omics technologies has revealed changes in saliva composition in many systemic diseases, offering disease biomarkers, but these compositional changes may not be related to salivary gland dysfunction. In Sjögren syndrome, there appears to be a change in the rheology of saliva due to altered mucin glycosylation. Analysis of glandular saliva in diseases or therapeutic interventions causing salivary gland inflammation frequently shows increased electrolyte concentrations and increased presence of innate immune proteins, most notably lactoferrin. Altering nerve-mediated signaling of salivary gland secretion contributes to medication-induced dysfunction and may also contribute to altered saliva composition in neurodegenerative disease.

Download Full-text

Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance in Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Clinical Research in Diabetes and Obesity ◽

10.1007/978-1-4757-3906-0_8 ◽

1997 ◽

pp. 137-158

Author(s):

John J. Nolan ◽

Jerrold M. Olefsky

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Insulin Action ◽

Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Download Full-text

Insulin action and resistance in obesity and noninsulin-dependent type II diabetes mellitus

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1982.243.1.e15 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 243 (1) ◽

pp. E15-E30 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

J. M. Olefsky ◽

O. G. Kolterman ◽

J. A. Scarlett

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Insulin Receptor ◽

Insulin Action ◽

Insulin Receptors ◽

Tissue Level ◽

Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Target Tissue ◽

Severe Insulin Resistance ◽

Glucose Clamp Technique

Resistance to the action of insulin can result from a variety of causes, including the formation of abnormal insulin or proinsulin molecules, the presence of circulating antagonists to insulin or the insulin receptor, or defects in insulin action at the target tissue level. Defects of the latter type are characteristic of obesity and of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Analysis of the nature of the insulin resistance in those disorders has been investigated in intact subjects with the use of the euglycemic glucose clamp technique, and both insulin receptors and insulin-mediated glucose metabolism have been studied in adipocytes and monocytes from affected individuals. In both conditions, the cause of insulin resistance is heterogeneous. In some, insulin resistance appears to be due to a defect in the insulin receptor, whereas others have a defect both in the receptor and at the postreceptor level. In both groups, more severe insulin resistance is due to the postreceptor lesion and is correctable with appropriate therapy.

Download Full-text