AbstractInflammation in the brain and periphery has been associated with stress-related pathology of mental illness. We have shown that prostaglandin (PG) E2, an arachidonic acid-derived lipid mediator, and innate immune receptors Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/4 are crucial for repeated stress-induced behavioral changes in rodents. However, how the stress induces PGE2 synthesis in the brain and whether TLR2/4 are involved in the PGE2 synthesis remain unknown. Using mice lacking TLR2 and TLR4 in combination, here we show that social defeat stress (SDS) induced the PGE2 synthesis in subcortical, but not cortical, tissues in a TLR2/4-dependent manner. It is known that PGE2 in the brain is mainly derived by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL)-mediated conversion of endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol to free-arachidonic acid, a substrate for cyclooxygenase (COX) for PGE2 synthesis. We found that TLR2/4 deletion reduced the mRNA expression of MAGL and COX1 in subcortical tissues after repeated SDS. Perturbation of MAGL and COX1 as well as COX2 abolished SDS-induced PGE2 synthesis in subcortical tissues. Furthermore, systemic administration of JZL184, an MAGL inhibitor, abolished repeated SDS-induced social avoidance. These results suggest that SDS induces PGE2 synthesis in subcortical regions of the brain via the MAGL-COX pathway in a TLR2/4-dependent manner, thereby leading to social avoidance.
Spinal microglial activation promotes perioperative social defeat stress-induced prolonged postoperative pain in a sex-dependent manner
