Deranged Secretion of Ghrelin and Obestatin in the Cephalic Phase of Vagal Stimulation in Women with Anorexia Nervosa

2008 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 1005-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palmiero Monteleone ◽  
Cristina Serritella ◽  
Vassilis Martiadis ◽  
Mario Maj
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Vagal Stimulation ◽  
Cephalic Phase

scholarly journals The influence of homeostatic mechanisms on neural regulation of food craving in anorexia nervosa

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Marion A. Stopyra ◽  
Hans-Christoph Friederich ◽  
Esther Mönning ◽  
Nora Lavandier ◽  
Martin Bendszus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Food Craving ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Neural Regulation ◽  
Viewing Condition ◽  
Cephalic Phase ◽  
Specific Reactions

Abstract Background Restrictive food intake in anorexia nervosa (AN) has been related to an overactive cognitive control network inhibiting intuitive motivational responses to food stimuli. However, the influence of short-term homeostatic signaling on the neural regulation of cue-induced food craving in AN is still unclear. Methods Twenty-five women with AN and 25 matched normal-weight women were examined on two occasions after receiving either glucose or water directly into their stomach using a nasogastric tube. Participants were blinded to the type of infusion. An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm was used to investigate the effect of intestinal glucose load on neural processing during either simple viewing or distraction from food stimuli. Results Neural differences between patients with AN and normal-weight participants were found during the distraction from food stimuli, but not during the viewing condition. When compared to controls, patients with AN displayed increased activation during food distraction in the left parietal lobule/precuneus and fusiform gyrus after water infusion and decreased activation in ventromedial prefrontal and cingulate regions after intestinal glucose load. Conclusions Independent of the cephalic phase and the awareness of caloric intake, homeostatic influences trigger disorder-specific reactions in AN. Food distraction in patients with AN is associated with either excessive higher-order cognitive control during physiological hunger or decreased internally directed attention after intestinal glucose load. These findings suggest that food distraction plays an important role in the psychopathology of AN. This study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov with identifier: NCT03075371.

Importance of vagus nerves in duodenal acid neutralization in anesthetized pigs

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (1) ◽  
pp. G154-G160 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Glad ◽  
P. Svendsen ◽  
O. Olsen ◽  
O. B. Schaffalitzky de Muckadell
Keyword(s):  
Vagal Stimulation ◽  
Bile Secretion ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Bicarbonate Secretion ◽  
Acid Neutralization ◽  
Vagus Nerves ◽  
Cephalic Phase ◽  
Portal Plasma ◽  
Reliable Marker ◽  
Stimulation Of

During the cephalic phase of gastric acid secretion, vagally mediated synchronous stimulation of bicarbonate provides protection against the acid. The purpose of this study was to determine simultaneously the effect of electrical vagal stimulation (EVS) on pancreatic, hepatic, and duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion, thereby estimating their relative importance in vagally induced duodenal acid neutralization. Splanchnicotomy increased vagally induced pancreaticobiliary bicarbonate secretion, whereas duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion was unchanged. After splanchnicotomy, EVS (10 ms, 15 mA, 12 Hz) significantly increased pancreatic bicarbonate secretion (0-4.17 mmol/h), hepatic bicarbonate secretion (0.16 to 0.22 mmol/h), and duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion (0.17 to 0.31 mmol/h). Pancreaticobiliary bicarbonate secretion was atropine resistant, whereas vagally induced duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion was diminished by atropine (2.0 mg/kg). After splanchnicotomy, EVS (10 ms, 15 mA, 12 Hz) had no effect on portal plasma concentration of secretin, whereas vasoactive intestinal peptide was increased (14-29 pM). EVS at 12 Hz with varying duration (3 or 10 ms) and amplitude (3-50 mA) had no further effect on the bicarbonate secretion from the three organs. In addition, biliary [14C]mannitol clearance was shown not to be a reliable marker of canalicular bile secretion in pigs. These results suggest that in the anesthetized pig 1) vagal stimulation is only of minor importance to hepatic bicarbonate secretion; 2) vagal stimulation activates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion through both cholinergic muscarinic and noncholinergic transmission; and 3) vagal stimulation induces duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion mainly through cholinergic muscarinic transmission. In conclusion, these results suggest that only pancreatic and duodenal bicarbonate production play a role in vagally induced duodenal acid neutralization.

Identification of vagal preganglionics that mediate cephalic phase insulin response

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (2) ◽  
pp. R523-R530 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Berthoud ◽  
T. L. Powley
Keyword(s):  
Portal Vein ◽  
Vagal Stimulation ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Motor Nucleus ◽  
Dorsal Motor Nucleus ◽  
Glucose Intake ◽  
Cephalic Phase ◽  
Pancreatic B Cells ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
Hepatic Branch

To define the vagal circuitry mediating the cephalic phase insulin response (CPIR), this reflex was measured in conscious, freely moving rats that had previously undergone selective abdominal vagotomies that spared different columnar subpopulations of dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (dmnX) neurons. The CPIR was defined as an increase of plasma insulin from basal at 2 min after the start of ingestion. The CPIR measured in peripheral blood after chow ingestion was reliable and significant (P less than 0.05) in rats with all branches intact, +24.9 +/- 5.1 microU/ml (+130% increase from basal); rats with only the two gastric branches and the hepatic branch intact, +27.0 +/- 3.5 microU/ml (+153%); and rats with only the hepatic branch intact, +13.5 +/- 4.8 microU/ml (+188%). No significant response occurred in animals with only the two celiac branches intact, +1.8 +/- 1.8 microU/ml (+15%) or in those with none of the branches intact, +3.9 +/- 3.3 microU/ml (+21%). The CPIRs measured in portal vein blood were generally larger but showed the same pattern across groups. Plasma glucose measurements of portal vein blood indicated that with chow ingestion no significant absorption had occurred by 2 min, whereas with either milk or glucose intake absorption did occur. Subsequent bilateral electrical cervical vagal stimulation-induced insulin and glucagon responses in the same animals under anesthesia showed the same branch dependency. It is concluded that the CPIR is mediated by the two gastric and the hepatic branches but not the two celiac vagal branches. The perikarya of the preganglionics innervating the pancreatic B-cells are contained within a large pool occupying the two medial columns of the dmnX.

Cephalic phase of gastroduodenal alkaline secretion

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (6) ◽  
pp. G742-G747 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Konturek ◽  
P. Thor ◽  
J. Bilski ◽  
J. Tasler ◽  
M. Cieszkowski
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Vagal Stimulation ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Insulin Hypoglycemia ◽  
Sham Feeding ◽  
Cephalic Phase ◽  
Alkaline Secretion ◽  
Stimulation Of

Alkaline secretion measured under basal conditions in the intact stomach of conscious dogs averaged 47 mumol/30 min and was about twice lower than that recorded in the proximal (approximately 7 cm long) portion of the duodenum. Vagal excitation elicited by sham feeding and insulin resulted in a marked stimulation of alkaline secretion both from the stomach and the duodenum. Atropine significantly reduced gastric and duodenal alkaline secretion under basal state. It abolished gastric and diminished duodenal alkaline response to sham feeding and insulin hypoglycemia, while propranolol was without significant influence. Indomethacin reduced by approximately 75% basal duodenal alkaline secretion but did not prevent the increment in alkaline response to vagal stimulation. We postulate the existence of the cephalic phase of gastroduodenal alkaline secretion, which seems to be cholinergically dependent in the stomach and partly of noncholinergic and nonadrenergic character but prostaglandin dependent in the duodenum.

Eine internationale neuropsychologische Testbatterie für Kinder, Jugendliche und Erwachsene mit Anorexia nervosa – die deutsche Adaptation des Ravello Profils

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 371-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betteke Maria van Noort ◽  
Ernst Pfeiffer ◽  
Ulrike Lehmkuhl ◽  
Viola Kappel
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa

Fragestellung: Erwachsene mit Anorexia nervosa (AN) zeigen vor und nach Gewichtsrehabilitation Beeinträchtigungen kognitiver Funktionen. Im Bereich der kindlichen und früh-adoleszenten AN besteht ein großer Bedarf an strukturierten Untersuchungen der kognitiven Funktionen. Bisherige Studien weisen methodische Inkonsistenzen bezüglich der Testauswahl und der Operationalisierung kognitiver Funktionen auf, die die Interpretierbarkeit und Vergleichbarkeit der Befunde deutlich einschränken. Um diese Inkonsistenzen zu verringern, wurde eine neuropsychologische Testbatterie, das sogenannte „Ravello Profil“ entwickelt, das bisher jedoch nicht für den deutschen Sprachraum zur Verfügung steht. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt daher eine für den deutschen Sprachraum adaptierte Version des Ravello Profils vor und überprüft dessen Anwendbarkeit im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Methodik: Das Ravello Profil wurde für den deutschen Sprachraum adaptiert. Anhand von drei Fallbeispielen wurde die Durchführbarkeit des Ravello Profils bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit AN überprüft. Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen: Die Fallbeispiele verdeutlichen die Anwendbarkeit des adaptierten Ravello Profils bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit AN. Das Ravello Profil ermöglicht somit auch im deutschen Sprachraum methodisch konsistente Untersuchungen kognitiver Funktionen bei Kindern, Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen mit AN. Mithilfe des Ravello Profils kann die Rolle kognitiver Funktionen bei der Entstehung einer AN über eine umfassende Altersspanne systematisch untersucht werden.

Perception of Autonomy and Connectedness Prior to the Onset of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Huemer ◽  
Maria Haidvogl ◽  
Fritz Mattejat ◽  
Gudrun Wagner ◽  
Gerald Nobis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Bulimia Nervosa ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Image Test ◽  
Restrictive Type

Objective: This study examines retrospective correlates of nonshared family environment prior to onset of disease, by means of multiple familial informants, among anorexia and bulimia nervosa patients. Methods: A total of 332 participants was included (anorexia nervosa, restrictive type (AN-R): n = 41 plus families); bulimic patients (anorexia nervosa, binge-purging type; bulimia nervosa: n = 59 plus families). The EATAET Lifetime Diagnostic Interview was used to establish the diagnosis; the Subjective Family Image Test was used to derive emotional connectedness (EC) and individual autonomy (IA). Results: Bulimic and AN-R patients perceived significantly lower EC prior to onset of disease compared to their healthy sisters. Bulimic patients perceived significantly lower EC prior to onset of disease compared to AN-R patients and compared to their mothers and fathers. A low family sum – sister pairs sum comparison – of EC had a significant influence on the risk of developing bulimia nervosa. Contrary to expectations, AN-R patients did not perceive significantly lower levels of IA compared to their sisters, prior to onset of disease. Findings of low IA in currently ill AN-R patients may represent a disease consequence, not a risk factor. Conclusions: Developmental child psychiatrists should direct their attention to disturbances of EC, which may be present prior to the onset of the disease.

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