EDUCATIONAL SURVEY ABOUT AWARENESS OF TONSILLITIS IN BABYLON PROVINCE

Tonsillitis is an infection or inflammation of the tonsils. Tonsillitis classified as acute, chronic (recurrent) and complication. Most often it is caused by a virus, but it may also be caused by the same bacteria that cause strep throat. According to numbers that data shows, the virus is more common, about 77.49% than bacterial which about 71.45% then fungal about 9.6%. The principal symptom of tonsillitis is a sore throat fever, swollen lymph nodes, nasal congestion, difficulty in swallowing and headache may also occur, according to if symptoms of tonsillitis are known or not, data show that they know about (119 of people) (79.3) this result is greater than unknown which was about 31 (20.7).

Group A Streptococcus Infection of the Nasopharynx Requires Proinflammatory Signaling Through the Interleukin-1 Receptor

ABSTRACTGroup A Streptococcus (GAS) is the etiologic agent of numerous high morbidity and high mortality diseases which commonly have a highly proinflammatory pathology. One factor contributing to this inflammation is the GAS protease SpeB, which directly activates the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β), independent of the canonical inflammasome pathway. IL-1β drives neutrophil activation and recruitment that limits bacterial growth and invasion during invasive skin and soft tissue infections like necrotizing fasciitis. GAS also causes pharyngitis (strep throat), and the upper respiratory tract is its primary nidus for growth and transmission. Since the fitness selection for the species is likely primarily for this site, we examined the process of IL-1β activation in the murine nasopharynx. SpeB still activated IL-1β, which was required for neutrophil migration, but this inflammation instead increased GAS replication. Inhibiting IL-1β or depleting neutrophils, which both promote invasive infection, prevented GAS infection of the nasopharynx. Prior antibiotic exposure increased GAS growth in the murine nasopharynx, and antibiotics were sufficient to reverse the attenuation previously observed when IL-1β, neutrophils, or SpeB were not present to drive inflammation. Therefore, the same fundamental mechanism has opposing effects on virulence at different body sites. Invasive disease may be limited in part due to specific adaptations for inducing host inflammation that are beneficial for pharyngitis.IMPORTANCEOur previous reports showed that Group A Streptococcus (GAS) protease SpeB directly activates the host proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and this restricts invasive skin infection. The upper respiratory tract is the primary site of GAS colonization and infection, but the host-pathogen interactions at this site are still largely unknown. We provide the first evidence that IL-1β-mediated inflammation promotes upper respiratory tract infection. This provides experimental evidence that the notable inflammation of strep throat, which presents with significant swelling, pain, and neutrophil influx, is not an ineffectual immune response, but rather is a GAS-directed remodeling of this niche for its pathogenic benefit.

PENGENALAN ZAT ADITIF PADA MAKANAN DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP KESEHATAN DI SMA NEGERI I BELIMBING MUARA ENIM PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN

Penggunaan zat aditif pada makanan yang tidak bijaksana dapat menimbulkan berbagai masalah kesehatan, antara lain alergi, radang tenggorokan, keracunan, kelainan pertumbuhan, bahkan dapat menimbulkan kematian. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, untuk mengurangi dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan dari pemakaian zat aditif makanan perlu mendapat perhatian dari insan akademis dari perguruan tinggi untuk menyampaikan penyuluhan mengenai pengenalan zat aditif pada makanan dan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan terutama pada siswa dan siswi SMA Negeri 1 Belimbing Muara Enim Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Kegiatan ini secara keseluruhan dapat dikatakan berjalan baik dan berhasil, dilihat dari antusias siswa-siswa dalam memberikan pertanyaan, ketercapaian target jumlah peserta penyuluhan (100%), dan kemampuan siswa-siswi dalam menjawab dengan benar lembar pertanyaan (86,6%). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa dengan adanya kegiatan ini memberikan dampak positif kepada siswa-siswi dalam memberikan informasi dan menumbuhkan kesadaran mengenai dampak negatif dari mengkonsumsi makanan atau jajanan di sekolah yang mengandung zat aditif makanan.Kata kunci: Zat Aditif; Makanan; Dampak Kesehatan.AbstractThe use of additives in foods that are not wise can cause various health problems, including allergies, strep throat, poisoning, growth abnormalities, can even cause death. In connection with this, to reduce the negative impacts arising from the use of food additives need attention from academic people from universities to delivered counseling about the introduction of additives in food and their impact on health, especially for students of SMA Negeri 1 Belimbing Muara Enim, South Sumatra Province. This activity as a whole can be said to work well and successfully, seen from the enthusiasm of students in giving questions, the target number of extension participants (100%), and the ability of students to correctly answer the question sheets (86.6%). This shows that the existence of this activity has a positive impact on students in providing information and raising awareness about negative effects of consuming food or snacks in schools that contain food additives.Keywords: Additives; Food; Health Effects.