The presence of licit and illicit drugs in police stations and their implications for workplace drug testing

2017 ◽  
Vol 278 ◽  
pp. 125-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory S. Doran ◽  
Ralph Deans ◽  
Carlo De Filippis ◽  
Chris Kostakis ◽  
Julia A. Howitt
Keyword(s):  
Drug Testing ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Workplace Drug Testing

scholarly journals Results of workplace drug testing in Norway

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilde Marie Erøy Lund ◽  
Stig Tore Bogstrand ◽  
Asbjørg Solberg Christophersen
Keyword(s):  
Drug Testing ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Muscle Relaxants ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Offshore Industry ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Workplace Drug Testing

Workplace drug testing is less common in Norway than in many other countries. During the period from 2000-2006, 13469 urine or blood samples from employees in the offshore industry, shipping companies and aviation industry were submitted to the Norwegian Institute of Public Health for drug testing. The samples were analysed for benzodiazepines, illicit drugs, muscle relaxants with sedating properties, opioids and z-hypnotics. In total, 2.9% of the samples were positive for one or more substances. During the study period the prevalence decreased for morphine (from 1.9% to 1.1%) and increased for amphetamine (from 0.04% to 0.6%), clonazepam (from 0% to 0.1%), methamphetamine (from 0.04% to 0.6%), nitrazepam (from 0% to 0.4%) and oxazepam (from 0.5% to 1.3%) (p<0.05). There was no significant change in prevalence for the other substances included in the analytical programme. Illicit drugs were significantly associated with lower age (OR: 0.93, p<0.05). This study found low prevalence of drugs among employees in companies with workplace drug testing programmes in Norway.

Seven years of workplace drug testing in Italy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 844-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Luca Rosso ◽  
Cristina Montomoli ◽  
Luca Morini ◽  
Stefano M. Candura
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Workplace Drug Testing

scholarly journals The Characterization of Human Urine for Specimen Validity Determination in Workplace Drug Testing: A Review

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 579-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Cook ◽  
Y. H. Caplan ◽  
C. P. LoDico ◽  
D. M. Bush
Keyword(s):  
Human Urine ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Workplace Drug Testing

scholarly journals Alternative Specimens for Workplace Drug Testing*

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 396-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yale H. Caplan ◽  
Bruce A. Goldberger
Keyword(s):  
Drug Testing ◽  
Workplace Drug Testing

Hygrine and cuscohygrine as possible markers to distinguish coca chewing from cocaine abuse in workplace drug testing

2013 ◽  
Vol 227 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 60-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rubio ◽  
S. Strano-Rossi ◽  
M.J. Tabernero ◽  
L. Anzillotti ◽  
M. Chiarotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cocaine Abuse ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Workplace Drug Testing

scholarly journals Pharmacological and toxicological profile of opioid-treated, chronic low back pain patients entering a mindfulness intervention randomized controlled trial

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Zgierska, MD, PhD ◽  
Margaret L. Wallace, PharmD, BCACP ◽  
Cindy A. Burzinski, MS ◽  
Jennifer Cox, BS ◽  
Miroslav Backonja, MD
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Chronic Low Back Pain ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Toxicological Profile

Objective: Refractory chronic low back pain (CLBP) often leads to treatment with long-term opioids. Our goal was to describe the pharmaco-toxicological profile of opioid-treated CLBP patients and identify potential areas for care optimization.Design: Cross-sectional analysis.Setting: Outpatient primary care.Participants: CLBP patients prescribed ≥ 30 mg/d of morphine-equivalent dose (MED) for ≥3 months.Outcome Measures: Self-reported clinical, medication (verified) and substance use, and urine drug testing (UDT) data were collected.Results: Participants (N = 35) were 51.8 ± 9.7 years old, 80 percent female with CLBP for 14.2 ± 10.1 years, treated with opioids for 7.9 ± 5.7 years, with severe disability (Oswestry Disability Index score: 66.7 ± 11.4), and average pain score of 5.6 ± 1.5 (0-10 rating scale). Participants reported using tobacco (N = 14), alcohol (N = 9) and illicit drugs or unprescribed medications (N = 10). On average, participants took 13.4 ± 6.8 daily medications, including 4.7 ± 1.8 pain-modulating and 4.7 ± 2.0 sedating medications. Among prescribed opioids, 57.1 percent were long-acting and 91.4 percent were short-acting, with a total of 144.5 ± 127.8 mg/d of MED. Sixteen participants were prescribed benzodiazepines and/or zolpidem/zaleplon. Fifteen participants had UDT positive for illicit drugs or unprescribed medications; in addition, eight tested positive for alcohol and 19 for cotinine. Compared to those with negative UDTs, those with positive UDTs (N = 15) received lower daily “total” and “extended release” opioid doses, and were more likely to test positive for cotinine (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Study findings corroborate existing evidence for high medication burden and high likelihood of substance misuse among opioid-treated CLBP patients. Further research is needed to help understand causality and ways to optimize care and clinical outcomes.

scholarly journals European guidelines for workplace drug testing in oral fluid

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Brcak ◽  
Olof Beck ◽  
Tessa Bosch ◽  
Duncan Carmichael ◽  
Nadia Fucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Testing ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
European Guidelines ◽  
Workplace Drug Testing
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