Pharaoh’s copper: The provenance of copper in bronze artifacts from post-imperial Egypt at the end of the second millennium BCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 103025
Author(s):  
Shirly Ben-Dor Evian ◽  
Omri Yagel ◽  
Yehudit Harlavan ◽  
Hadas Seri ◽  
Jessica Lewinsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Second Millennium Bce

Indo-Europeans

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Craig Melchert
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Second Millennium Bce

This article presents an overview of the arrival and florescence of the Indo-European languages in Anatolia, the most famous of which is Hittite. The weight of current linguistic evidence supports the traditional view that Indo-European speakers are intrusive to Asia Minor, coming from somewhere in eastern Europe. There is a growing consensus that the differentiation among the Indo-European Anatolian languages begins at least by the mid-second millennium BCE and possibly earlier. It is likely, but not strictly provable, that this differentiation correlates with the entry of the Indo-European speakers into Anatolia and their subsequent dispersal. Nothing definitive can be said about the route by which the Indo-European entry took place.

Animal use in the late second millennium BCE in northern China: Evidence from Zaoshugounao and Zaolinhetan in the Jing River valley

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Li ◽  
Chengrui Zhang ◽  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Haifeng Dou ◽  
Huan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern China ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Animal Use ◽  
Second Millennium Bce

The Elders of Early Dilmun

2019 ◽  
pp. 220-239
Author(s):  
Alexis T. Boutin ◽  
Benjamin W. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
University Of California ◽  
Mortuary Archaeology ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
The Third ◽  
Second Millennium Bce ◽  
The University

This chapter draws on bioarchaeology and mortuary archaeology to investigate three adult men in a brief case study from Early Dilmun, a Bronze Age polity that spanned the western edge of the Arabian/Persian Gulf at the end of the third and the beginning of the second millennium BCE. We draw our evidence from the Peter B. Cornwall Collection at the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology on the University of California, Berkeley campus. Cornwall (1913–1972) excavated this evidence from Bahrain during his expedition to the region in 1940 and 1941. Cornwall later analyzed these mortuary contexts in several works—including his doctoral dissertation and a handful of articles—and then eventually deposited the skeletal remains and objects in the Hearst Museum. Since 2008, we have been analyzing and publishing materials from this collection under the auspices of the Dilmun Bioarchaeology Project. Using this evidence, we demonstrate both the possibilities and limitations of investigating masculinity in one specific ancient Near Eastern society.

Advanced Education

2019 ◽  
pp. 141-164
Author(s):  
William M. Schniedewind
Keyword(s):  
School Curriculum ◽  
Southern Levant ◽  
Advanced Education ◽  
Gettysburg Address ◽  
Flexible Part ◽  
Second Millennium Bce ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Scribal Tradition

Advanced education was the most flexible part of the scribal curriculum. It could be tailored to the particular specialty of the scribe: the palace, the temple, commerce, military, etc. The advanced curriculum was often taken from other spheres, such as temple hymns or rituals, and used for scribal study (much like the Gettysburg Address or the “Star-Spangled Banner” might be reused as part of a school curriculum). There is evidence of cuneiform literature including Gilgamesh, Adapa, and law codes like Hammurabi that have been excavated in the southern Levant dating to the second millennium BCE. This provides a tangible vector of transmission for these traditions into the early alphabetic scribal tradition.

Archaeology and Material Culture of Moab and the Moabites

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Porter
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Subsistence Economies ◽  
Permanent Settlement ◽  
Second Millennium Bce ◽  
Landscape Survey ◽  
Epigraphic Evidence ◽  
The 19Th Century

Moab was both a culture area and an Iron Age kingdom located in the west-central half of the modern Middle Eastern country of Jordan. Moab is mentioned frequently in the Hebrew Bible and was often in contact with its Israelite neighbors. Scholars have used the biblical text to reconstruct Moab’s history and society despite the original authors’ and editors’ skewed perspectives on the kingdom. Moab has been the subject of archaeological research since the latter third of the 19th century. Landscape surveys have identified many large and small settlements across the region while excavations at key settlements have documented public and private architecture, and recovered art and epigraphic evidence. This research has been reported over many decades in archaeological and landscape survey reports, and the evidence has been frequently summarized in scholarly syntheses. Moab’s development occurred in three phases. During the Iron I period, a collection of small settlements was founded at the end of the second millennium bce. These semi-autonomous settlements organized their household and communal agro-pastoral subsistence economies at local levels. The point at which these settlements began to be integrated into a political polity likely occurred in the late 10th or early 9th century, the beginning of the Iron II period. The Mesha Inscription, a royal inscription of one of Moab’s earlier kings, describes how he increased his territory, established a new capital and cult center at Dhiban, and incorporated new populations within an expanded kingdom. The Mesopotamian empire of Assyria began to intervene in Moab’s and its neighbors’ affairs starting in the mid-8th century, commencing the Iron III period. Soon after, Moab’s agro-pastoralist economy and textile industries intensified, a change likely brought on by producers responding to new international markets and Assyria’s demand for taxes and tribute. Currently, very little is known about Moab in the final centuries of the Iron Age, the 6th through 4th centuries bce. Permanent settlement activity decreased during these centuries, possibly due to a combination of population deportations and the return to semi-sedentary and nomadic settlement practices. Readers should note that transliterations of ancient and Arabic place names have shifted over the course of modern scholarship. Some titles may preserve older variants that contrast with the now updated versions.

Mercury's Wings

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. A. Talbert ◽  
Fred S. Naiden
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Near East ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
The West ◽  
Broad View ◽  
Communications Network ◽  
Religious Communication ◽  
Cultural Boundaries ◽  
Transmission Of Information ◽  
Second Millennium Bce

Mercury’s Wings: Exploring Modes of Communication in the Ancient World is the first volume of essays on ancient communications. The authors, who include Classicists, art historians, Assyriologists, and Egyptologists, take the broad view of communications as a vehicle, not just for the transmission of information, but also for the conduct of religion, commerce, and culture. Encompassed within this scope are varied purposes of communication such as propaganda and celebration, as well as profit and administration. Each chapter deals with either a communications network, a means or type of communication, or the special features of religious communication or communication in and among large empires. The spatial, temporal, and cultural boundaries of this volume take in the Near East as well as Greece and Rome, and cover a period of some 2,000 years, beginning in the second millennium BCE and ending with the spread of Christianity during the last centuries of the Roman Empire in the West. In all, about one quarter of the chapters deal with the Near East, one quarter with Greece, one quarter with Greece and Rome together, and one quarter with the Roman Empire and its Persian and Indian rivals.

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