<p>In this work, we explore the limits of performance and energy density of a non-aqueous redox flow battery under ideal conditions. We compared the performance of an organic redox couple in a symmetric cell to that of a vanadium redox flow cell. Based on cycling performance, we expect that – when losses from separators and poor ionic conductivity are minimized – a non-aqueous flow cell operating at 3.5 V should have a 35% higher energy density than V<sup>4/5+</sup> couple in aqueous system at 100 mA∙cm<sup>-2</sup> current density for a system that could operate at 3.5 V.</p>
An all-extruded tubular vanadium redox flow cell - Characterization and model-based evaluation
