Synthesis of renewable heterogeneous acid catalyst from oil palm empty fruit bunch for glycerol-free biodiesel production

The aim of this research was to synthesize, characterize, and apply a heterogeneous acid catalyst to optimum biodiesel production from hydrolyzed waste cooking oil via an esterification reaction, to meet society’s future demands. The solid acid catalyst S–TiO2/SBA-15 was synthesized by a direct wet impregnation method. The prepared catalyst was evaluated using analytical techniques, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was studied to validate the experimental results. The catalytic effect on biodiesel production was examined by varying the parameters as follows: temperatures of 160 to 220 °C, 20–35 min reaction time, methanol-to-oil mole ratio between 5:1 and 20:1, and catalyst loading of 0.5%–1.25%. The maximum biodiesel yield was 94.96 ± 0.12% obtained under the optimum reaction conditions of 200 °C, 30 min, and 1:15 oil to methanol molar ratio with 1.0% catalyst loading. The catalyst was reused successfully three times with 90% efficiency without regeneration. The fuel properties of the produced biodiesel were found to be within the limits set by the specifications of the biodiesel standard. This solid acid catalytic method can replace the conventional homogeneous catalyzed transesterification of waste cooking oil for biodiesel production.

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Design of mesoporous SO42−/ZrO2–SiO2(Et) hybrid material as an efficient and reusable heterogeneous acid catalyst for biodiesel production

Green Chemistry ◽

10.1039/c0gc00144a ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 2135 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Wei Li ◽

Zijiang Jiang ◽

Fengyan Ma ◽

Fang Su ◽

Ling Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hybrid Material ◽

Acid Catalyst ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst

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Synthesis of Magnetic Catalyst Derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Esterification of Oleic Acid: An Optimization Study

BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING AND CATALYSIS ◽

10.9767/bcrec.17.1.12392.65-77 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 65-77

Author(s):

Shamala Gowri Krishnan ◽

Fei-Ling Pua ◽

Ee-Sann Tan

Keyword(s):

Oleic Acid ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Acid Catalyst ◽

Catalytic Performance ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Magnetic Catalyst ◽

Rsm Optimization

Biomass, renewable, abundantly available and a good source of energy. The conversion of biomass waste into valuable products has received wide attention. In this study, an empty fruit bunch (oil palm EFB) supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction was successfully prepared via the one-step impregnation process. The new magnetic catalyst achieved a higher surface area of 188.87 m2/g with a total acidity of 2.4 mmol/g and identified iron oxide as g-Fe2O3. The magnetization value of 24.97 emu/g demonstrated that the superparamagnetic catalyst could be easily recovered and separated after the reaction using an external magnet. The catalytic performance of oil palm EFB supported magnetic acid catalyst was examined by esterification of oleic acid. Esterification process parameters were optimized via Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimization tool with Box-Behnken design (BBD). The following optimum parameters were determined: an amount of 9 wt% catalyst, molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid of 12:1, reaction time of 2 h and reaction temperature of 60 °C with a maximum conversion of 94.91% was achieved. The catalyst can be recycled up to five cycles with minimal loss in its activity. The oil palm waste-based magnetic acid catalyst indicates its potential replacement to the existing solid catalysts that are economical and environmentally friendly for the esterification process in biofuel applications. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Fiber-Supported Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst for Esterification of Oleic Acid: Effect of Different Transition Metal Sulfate

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.26272 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4.35) ◽

pp. 870

Author(s):

Shamala Gowri Krishnan ◽

Fei-ling Pua ◽

Kumaran Palanisamy ◽

Sharifah Nabihah Syed Jaafar ◽

Koguleshun Subramaniam

Keyword(s):

Oleic Acid ◽

Transition Metal ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Acid Catalyst ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

Metal Sulfate ◽

X Ray ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst

This paper presents the investigation of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber-supported heterogeneous acid catalyst that was prepared via direct impregnation method by using various types of transition metal sulfates, including Fe2(SO4)3, NiSO4.6H2O, and CuSO4. The EFB fiber-supported heterogeneous acid catalyst was applied for esterification of oleic acid. Hence, structural, chemical, morphological, and elemental properties of the catalyst were examined through the use of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. Meanwhile, the acidity properties of each catalyst were characterized via acid density test. The prepared catalyst, which had been loaded with Fe2(SO4)3, exhibited the highest acid density up to 2.4 mmol/g. Next, the catalytic activity of the heterogeneous acid catalyst was further investigated through esterification of oleic acid at 60°C with 5 wt% catalyst loading for 2 hours of reaction time. The prepared catalyst, which was loaded with Fe2(SO4)3, again displayed the high esterification conversion rate at 93.90% and was used up to five reaction cycles.

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Techno-economics of conventional fast pyrolysis and microwaved-assisted pyrolysis for biodiesel production from oil palm empty fruit bunch

Journal of Chemical Biological and Physical Sciences ◽

10.24214/jcbps.d.10.2.12743 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Fast Pyrolysis ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch

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Ultrasound-Intensified Biodiesel Production from Mixed Nonedible Oil Feedstock Using Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst Supported on Rubber De-oiled Cake

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ◽

10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02793 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 57 (44) ◽

pp. 14926-14938 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ritesh S. Malani ◽

Harshad Sardar ◽

Yash Malviya ◽

Arun Goyal ◽

Vijayanand S. Moholkar

Keyword(s):

Acid Catalyst ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst

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Optimization of Pyrolysis Operating Condition for Deriving Corn Starch Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Modern Applied Science ◽

10.5539/mas.v9n7p61 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 61 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Herry Santoso ◽

Christ Michael ◽

Hillman Wira ◽

Maria Inggrid

Keyword(s):

Oleic Acid ◽

Pyrolysis Temperature ◽

Corn Starch ◽

Edible Oils ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Acid Catalyst ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Fatty Oil ◽

Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst

Biodiesel can be produced from various oils and fats. Due to possibility of diversion of edible oils from feedstocks to raw materials for biodiesel production, which may lead to food crisis, it is preferable to choosenon-edible oils as raw material for biodiesel production. As a country rich in natural resources, Indonesia has avast amount and variety of non-edible fatty-oil production plants. However, non-edible oils usually have highfree fatty acid (FFA) contents. Oils with high FFA contents cannot be converted directly to biodiesel using aconventional alkaline catalyzed process due to saponification problem. To avoid this problem, the high FFAcontents in the oils must be reduced via esterification process using acid catalyst. The use of homogeneous acidcatalyst in this process can be very corrosive and not environmentally friendly while the use of commerciallyavailable heterogeneous acid catalyst can be very expensive. In this research, a heterogeneous acid catalystsuitable for biodiesel production will be derived from corn starch through pyrolysis followed by sulphonationprocesses. The purpose of this research is to study the effects of pyrolysis temperature and time to the aciddensity of the catalyst and the activity of the catalyst in the esterification of oleic acid using a 22 factorial designwith 3 center points experimental design. It is found that the catalyst obtained from pyrolysis at 400°C for 15hours has the optimum–HSO3 content of 5.9% which corresponds to the highest average conversion of theesterification of oleic acid of 97.45%.

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