Visualization and spatial analysis of socio-environmental externalities of urban underground space use: Part 1 positive externalities

Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology ◽

10.1016/j.tust.2021.104325 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 121 ◽

pp. 104325

Author(s):

Yong-Kang Qiao ◽

Fang-Le Peng ◽

Xiao-Lei Wu ◽

Yong-Peng Luan

Keyword(s):

Spatial Analysis ◽

Space Use ◽

Environmental Externalities ◽

Underground Space ◽

Positive Externalities

Download Full-text

Visualization and spatial analysis of socio-environmental externalities of urban underground space use: Part 2 negative externalities

Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology ◽

10.1016/j.tust.2021.104326 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 121 ◽

pp. 104326

Author(s):

Yong-Kang Qiao ◽

Fang-Le Peng ◽

Xiao-Lei Wu ◽

Yong-Peng Luan

Keyword(s):

Spatial Analysis ◽

Space Use ◽

Environmental Externalities ◽

Underground Space ◽

Negative Externalities

Download Full-text

Analysis of Externalities of Economic Activity of the Enterprise

Mechanism of an economic regulation ◽

10.21272/mer.2021.92.09 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 (2) ◽

pp. 86-94

Author(s):

Dmytro V. Kozlov

Keyword(s):

Transaction Costs ◽

Economic Activity ◽

Environmental Externalities ◽

Negative Externalities ◽

Time Duration ◽

Marginal Costs ◽

Positive Externalities ◽

State And Market ◽

The Impact

The problems of research of internalities and externalities with the further development of the general classification of externalities of economic activity of the enterprise are defined. The influence of negative and positive externalities on society and enterprise is considered. The concept of negative externalities differs from transaction costs. It is noted that transaction costs can be reflected in cash and can be offset by market inclusion in the price of the products, but this is not possible for externalities. It is emphasized that the purpose of economic activity of any enterprise is to exceed the positive externalities over the negative and achieve the maximum difference between them. The different time duration of the impact of the enterprise on third parties is given. The sign of externalities on the scale of action is emphasized. The externalities of the enterprise are considered in their essence according to the principles of sustainable development, highlighting economic, social and environmental externalities. It is emphasized that economic externalities can arise in the course of the whole business cycle of full-fledged work of all parts of the enterprise. In contrast to economic, social externalities affect people both within the enterprise, that is workers and citizens of the society in which the enterprise operates. And when it comes to environmental externalities, the mediator between the source and recipient of externalities is the environment. Externalities are distinguished according to the means of accounting and the degree of influence on the subject of perception. The necessity of regulation of externalities through internalization and actions of the enterprise with the help of state and market instruments is substantiated. It is emphasized that internalization is the transformation of negative externalities into positive ones in terms of convergence of marginal costs and benefits of the enterprise to marginal social costs and utility.

Download Full-text