scholarly journals Influenza B at Christ's Hospital: natural antibody to influenza B estimated by radial haemolysis

1981 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Grilli ◽  
J. R. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
B Virus ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Different Strains

SummaryThe technique of radial haemolysis (SRH) was used to assess the response to infection with different strains of influenza B virus, to determine the persistence of antibody following such infection and to examine sera from boys entering school at age 11 years. The technique detected 95 % of infections and in primary infection the antibody response was mainly to the infecting strain. Re-infections resulted in a broad response, both to the homotypic strain and to strains more distantly related. Antibody to the homotypic strain persisted for at least 3 years but in some individuals the reaction with heterotypic strains tended to become weaker – resulting in zones of incomplete lysis – or was lost. Examination of the sera collected on entry to the school showed that about 60 % of the boys bled before B/Hong Kong became widespread in the United Kingdom had antibody to strains representative of those isolated in the 1960s and few boys had antibody to B/Hong Kong. After 1974 antibody to B/Hong Kong and later strains became more common while antibody to earlier strains was less frequently detected. The significance of the results as an estimate of past experience is discussed.

Leading the Way: The United Kingdom's financial and trade relations with Socialist China, 1949–1966

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERTO PERUZZI
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
British Colony ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Cold War

AbstractThis article aims to deepen scholarly understanding of the special political and economic connection between Britain and Socialist China during the 1950s and the 1960s. After 1949, the British government had substantive reasons to preserve a link with Beijing, despite the unfolding of the Cold War. First, British assets in China were numerous. Second, the Crown colony of Hong Kong was an indispensable strategic enclave, although militarily indefensible. Third, the Foreign Office considered that Asia should represent an exception to unquestioned British loyalty to the Atlantic alliance, since the United Kingdom needed to prove that it was able to represent and preserve Commonwealth interests in the area. The article will point out that the United Kingdom maintained a privileged role as the main trading partner of the People's Republic of China (PRC) outside the Socialist bloc, thanks to the financial and commercial role played by Hong Kong. This is proved through an analysis of the fate of British financial institutions in China, which represented a favourable exception in the bleak scenario of the PRC nationalization process, as well as of the industrial development of the British colony, which was based on importing food and labour from the mainland, while serving as a financial hub in support of the PRC economy.

scholarly journals Mild to moderate influenza activity in Europe and the detection of novel A(H1N2) and B viruses during the winter of 2001-02

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 147-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
W J Paget ◽  
T J Meerhoff ◽  
N L Goddard ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
H1n2 Virus ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Influenza Activity ◽  
Virus Strains

Influenza activity in Europe during the 2001-02 influenza season was mild to moderate. Compared to historical data, the intensity was low in six countries, medium in eleven and high in one country (Spain). The dominant virus circulating in Europe was influenza A(H3N2). Two novel influenza virus strains were isolated during the 2001-02 season: influenza A(H1N2) viruses (mainly isolated in the United Kingdom and Ireland, but also in Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and Romania), and influenza B viruses belonging to the B/Victoria/2/87 lineage (mainly isolated in Germany, but also sporadically in France, Italy, the Netherlands and Norway). With the exception of H1N2 virus detections in England, and Ireland and the influenza B viruses belonging to the B/Victoria/2/87 lineage in Germany, these two viruses did not circulate widely in Europe and did not play an important role in influenza activity during the 2001-02 season. An influenza B virus belonging to the B/Victoria/2/87 lineage will be included in the 2002-03 influenza vaccine. The new subtype influenza A(H1N2) is covered by the 2002-03 vaccine, as the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase components of the H1N2 viruses are antigenically similar to the vaccine components (H1N1 and H3N2).

scholarly journals Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analyses of two neuraminidases from influenza B virus strains B/Hong Kong/8/73 and B/Lee/40.

1988 ◽  
Vol 263 (13) ◽  
pp. 6421-6423
Author(s):  
P J Bossart ◽  
Y S Babu ◽  
W J Cook ◽  
G M Air ◽  
W G Laver
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
X Ray ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Virus Strains

Secretory IgA antibodies provide cross-protection against infection with different strains of influenza B virus

2004 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuko Asahi-Ozaki ◽  
Tomoki Yoshikawa ◽  
Yoichiro Iwakura ◽  
Yujiro Suzuki ◽  
Shin-ichi Tamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Protection ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Iga Antibodies ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Protection Against Infection

scholarly journals Influenza in the United Kingdom 1977–1981

1982 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Pereira ◽  
P. Chakraverty
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
H1n1 Virus ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Laboratory Surveillance ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Influenza Outbreaks

SummaryThe laboratory surveillance of influenza in the UK has continued to demonstrate the regularity of influenza outbreaks each winter even in the absence of increase in the other indices which reflect the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza.The period of five years from 1976 to 1981 has seen the appearance of a second sub-type of influenza A with the return of the historic H1N1 virus; and the continued circulation of H3N2 concurrently with H1N1 virus. Variants of both these influenza A viruses have been demonstrated as well as further changes in the strains of influenza B virus isolated during this time.

scholarly journals Reinfection with influenza B virus in children: analysis of the reinfection influenza B viruses

1994 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nakajima ◽  
F. Nishikawa ◽  
K. Nakamura ◽  
H. Nakao ◽  
K. Nakajima
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Japanese Children ◽  
Antigenic Analysis ◽  
Specific Amino Acid ◽  
B Virus

SUMMARYInfluenza B virus reinfection in Japanese children was studied epidemi-ologically during 1979–91 and virologically during 1985–91. During this investigation, there were four epidemics caused by influenza B viruses, each of which accompanied antigenic drift. Between the epidemics in 1987/88 and 1989/90, the viruses changed drastically, both genetically and antigenically. The minimum rate of reinfection with influenza B virus during the whole period was 3–25% depending on the influenza seasons. The antigens of primary and reinfection strains of influenza B virus isolated from 18 children during 1985–90, which covered three epidemic periods, were studied by haemagglutination inhibition tests. The results showed that the viruses isolated in the 1984/85 and 1987/88 influenza seasons, which belonged to the same lineage, were antigenically close, and reinfection occurred with these viruses. The results of amino-acid analysis of the HA1 polypeptide of these viruses corresponded with those of antigenic analysis. There were no specific amino-acid changes shared by the primary infection and reinfection influenza B viruses; the patients were infected with the viruses epidemic at that time.

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