Isolating stereotypical gender in a grammatical gender language: Evidence from eye movements

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 977-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHIARA REALI ◽  
YULIA ESAULOVA ◽  
LISA VON STOCKHAUSEN
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
Gender Typicality ◽  
Gender Attitude ◽  
Anaphor Resolution ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Anaphoric Pronoun ◽  
Attitude Measures ◽  
Reliable Correlation ◽  
Mismatch Effect

ABSTRACTThe present study investigates the effects of stereotypical gender during anaphor resolution in German. The study aims at isolating the effects of gender-stereotypical cues from the effects of grammatical gender. Experiment 1 employs descriptions of typically male, female, and neutral occupations that contain no grammatical cue to the referent gender, followed by a masculine or feminine role noun, in a reaction time priming paradigm. Experiment 2 uses eye-tracking methodology to examine how the gender typicality of these descriptions affects the resolution of a matching or mismatching anaphoric pronoun. Results show a mismatch effect manifest at very early stages of processing. Both experiments also reveal asymmetries in the processing of the two genders suggesting that the representation of female rather than male referents is more flexible in counterstereotypical contexts. No systematic relation is found between eye movements and individual gender attitude measures, whereas a reliable correlation is found with gender typicality ratings.

scholarly journals Processing grammatical gender in Dutch: Evidence from eye movements

2017 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 50-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Brouwer ◽  
Simone Sprenger ◽  
Sharon Unsworth
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Grammatical Gender

scholarly journals What Can Eye Movements Tell Us about Higher Level Comprehension?

Vision ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Anne E. Cook ◽  
Wei Wei
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Discourse Processing ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Anaphor Resolution ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Theoretical Issues

The majority of eye tracking studies in reading are on issues dealing with word level or sentence level comprehension. By comparison, relatively few eye tracking studies of reading examine questions related to higher level comprehension in processing of longer texts. We present data from an eye tracking study of anaphor resolution in order to examine specific issues related to this discourse phenomenon and to raise more general methodological and theoretical issues in eye tracking studies of discourse processing. This includes matters related to the design of materials as well as the interpretation of measures with regard to underlying comprehension processes. In addition, we provide several examples from eye tracking studies of discourse to demonstrate the kinds of questions that may be addressed with this methodology, particularly with respect to the temporality of processing in higher level comprehension and how such questions correspond to recent theoretical arguments in the field.

Tracking referents in discourse

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-79
Author(s):  
Monique Lamers ◽  
Wilbert Spooren
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Reading Strategy ◽  
Written Discourse ◽  
Anaphor Resolution ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reading Study ◽  
Anaphoric Expression

This reading study registered eye movements to investigate the influence of different discourse constructional factors on anaphor resolution in written discourse. More specifically, the study focused on the influence of the possible interplay of proximity between a possible referent and the anaphor and amount of elaboration on the time course of the different processes involved in anaphor resolution. Results at the anaphoric expression and the area immediately following the anaphoric expression reveal an effect of elaboration, but only in total reading times and second pass reading times. No effects were found at the reinstated referent. These results indicate that the difference in saliency between two possible referents almost directly influences anaphor resolution. We discuss these findings in relation to the time course of different processes in anaphor resolution such as bonding and resolution, in combination with a reading strategy that readers are satisfied with a superficial interpretation.

scholarly journals How do infants build a semantic system?

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzy J. Styles ◽  
Kim Plunkett
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Target Recognition ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Lexical Priming ◽  
Semantic System ◽  
New Words ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Second Year

AbstractDo infants learn their early words in semantic isolation? Or do they integrate new words into an inter-connected semantic system? In an infant-friendly adaptation of the adult lexical priming paradigm, infants at 18 and 24 months-of-age heard two words in quick succession. The noun-pairs were either related or unrelated. Following the onset of the target word, two pictures were presented, one of which depicted the target. Eye movements revealed that both age groups comprehended the target word. In addition, 24-month-olds demonstrated primed picture looking in two measures of comprehension: Named target pictures preceded by a related word pair took longer to disengage from and attracted more looking overall. The finding of enhanced target recognition demonstrates the emergence of semantic organisation by the end of the second year.

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