Auger electron spectroscopy and microscopy in STEM
Spatial resolution in Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is primarily a function of the excitation beam current distribution. For highest resolution the question of how to produce such a small probe of electrons is coupled with how to extract the secondary electrons efficiently from the sample. Kniit and Venables have shown the optimum configuration for highest resolution AES is a combination of a magnetic immersion lens, additional solenoids (“parallelizers“) to shape the weak magnetic field in the low energy electron transport region and a concentric hemispherical analyzer (CHA) to disperse and detect the secondary electrons. This combination has been incorporated into a new ultra-high vacuum STEM at ASU, along with the low energy electron optics required to interface the magnetic collection system with the CHA.