Visual cortex damage-induced growth of retinal axons into the lateral posterior nucleus of the cat

AbstractAblation of visual cortical areas 17 and 18 in neonatal and young adult cats induces novel retinal projections to terminate bilaterally in the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) at a position ventromedial from the medial interlaminar nucleus. Comparison with the visual-field maps of LP indicate that the terminations are focussed on the representation of the visual-field center.

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Interocular torsional disparity and visual cortical development in the cat

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1990.64.4.1352 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 1352-1360 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. R. Isley ◽

D. C. Rogers-Ramachandran ◽

P. G. Shinkman

Keyword(s):

Visual Cortex ◽

Visual Field ◽

Ocular Dominance ◽

Visual Fields ◽

Receptive Fields ◽

Right Visual Field ◽

Orientation Columns ◽

Areas 17 And 18 ◽

The Right ◽

Visual Cortical

1. The present experiments were designed to assess the effects of relatively large optically induced interocular torsional disparities on the developing kitten visual cortex. Kittens were reared with restricted visual experience. Three groups viewed a normal visual environment through goggles fitted with small prisms that introduced torsional disparities between the left and right eyes' visual fields, equal but opposite in the two eyes. Kittens in the +32 degrees goggle rearing condition experienced a 16 degrees counterclockwise rotation of the left visual field and a 16 degrees clockwise rotation of the right visual field; in the -32 degrees goggle condition the rotations were clockwise in the left eye and counterclockwise in the right. In the control (0 degree) goggle condition, the prisms did not rotate the visual fields. Three additional groups viewed high-contrast square-wave gratings through Polaroid filters arranged to provide a constant 32 degrees of interocular orientation disparity. 2. Recordings were made from neurons in visual cortex around the border of areas 17 and 18 in all kittens. Development of cortical ocular dominance columns was severely disrupted in all the experimental (rotated) rearing conditions. Most cells were classified in the extreme ocular dominance categories 1, 2, 6, and 7. Development of the system of orientation columns was also affected: among the relatively few cells with oriented receptive fields in both eyes, the distributions of interocular disparities in preferred stimulus orientation were centered near 0 degree but showed significantly larger variances than in the control condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Critical periods for functional and anatomical compensation in lateral suprasylvian visual area following removal of visual cortex in cats

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1984.52.5.941 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 52 (5) ◽

pp. 941-960 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

L. Tong ◽

R. E. Kalil ◽

P. D. Spear

Keyword(s):

Visual Cortex ◽

Critical Period ◽

Ocular Dominance ◽

Direction Selectivity ◽

Visual Area ◽

Critical Periods ◽

Cortex Lesion ◽

Thalamic Projections ◽

Adult Cats ◽

Visual Cortical

Previous experiments have found that neurons in the cat's lateral suprasylvian (LS) visual area of cortex show functional compensation following removal of visual cortical areas 17, 18, and 19 on the day of birth. Correspondingly, an enhanced retino-thalamic pathway to LS cortex develops in these cats. The present experiments investigated the critical periods for these changes. Unilateral lesions of areas 17, 18, and 19 were made in cats ranging in age from 1 day postnatal to 26 wk. When the cats were adult, single-cell recordings were made from LS cortex ipsilateral to the lesion. In addition, transneuronal autoradiographic methods were used to trace the retino-thalamic projections to LS cortex in many of the same animals. Following lesions in 18- and 26-wk-old cats, there is a marked reduction in direction-selective LS cortex cells and an increase in cells that respond best to stationary flashing stimuli. These results are similar to those following visual cortex lesions in adult cats. In contrast, the percentages of cells with these properties are normal following lesions made from 1 day to 12 wk of age. Thus the critical period for development of direction selectivity and greater responses to moving than to stationary flashing stimuli in LS cortex following a visual cortex lesion ends between 12 and 18 wk of age. Following lesions in 26-wk-old cats, there is a decrease in the percentage of cells that respond to the ipsilateral eye, which is similar to results following visual cortex lesions in adult cats. However, ocular dominance is normal following lesions made from 1 day to 18 wk of age. Thus the critical period for development of responses to the ipsilateral eye following a lesion ends between 18 and 26 wk of age. Following visual cortex lesions in 2-, 4-, or 8-wk-old cats, about 30% of the LS cortex cells display orientation selectivity to elongated slits of light. In contrast, few or no cells display this property in normal adult cats, cats with lesions made on the day of birth, or cats with lesions made at 12 wk of age or later. Thus an anomalous property develops for many LS cells, and the critical period for this property begins later (between 1 day and 2 wk) and ends earlier (between 8 and 12 wk) than those for other properties.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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AB072. Functional impact of the lateral posterior nucleus on the mouse primary visual cortex

Annals of Eye Science ◽

10.21037/aes.2018.ab072 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. AB072-AB072

Author(s):

Umit Keysan ◽

Christian Casanova

Keyword(s):

Visual Cortex ◽

Primary Visual Cortex ◽

Functional Impact ◽

Lateral Posterior ◽

Lateral Posterior Nucleus

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On the spatial arrangement of iso-orientation bands in the cat's visual cortical areas 17 and 18: a 14C-Deoxyglucose study

Experimental Brain Research ◽

10.1007/bf00236295 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

K. Albus ◽

B. Sieber

Keyword(s):

Spatial Arrangement ◽

Cortical Areas ◽

Areas 17 And 18 ◽

Visual Cortical

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An examination of linking hypotheses drawn from the perceptual consequences of experimentally induced changes in neural circuitry

Visual Neuroscience ◽

10.1017/s095252381300028x ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 30 (5-6) ◽

pp. 271-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

DONALD E. MITCHELL ◽

STEPHEN G. LOMBER

Keyword(s):

Striate Cortex ◽

Extended Period ◽

Monocular Deprivation ◽

Specific Cell ◽

Cortical Areas ◽

Good Spatial Resolution ◽

Areas 17 And 18 ◽

Visual Cortical ◽

Areas Of Interest ◽

Induced Changes

AbstractBecause targeted early experiential manipulations alter both perception and the response properties of particular cells in the striate cortex, they have been used as evidence for linking hypotheses between the two. However, such hypotheses assume that the effects of the early biased visual input are restricted to just the specific cell population and/or visual areas of interest and that the neural populations that contribute to the visual perception itself do not change. To examine this assumption, we measured the consequences for vision of an extended period of early monocular deprivation (MD) on a kitten (from 19 to 219 days of age) that began well before, and extended beyond, bilateral ablation of visual cortical areas 17 and 18 at 132 days of age. In agreement with previous work, the lesion reduced visual acuity by only a factor of two indicating that the neural sites, other than cortical areas 17 and 18, that support vision in their absence have good spatial resolution. However, these sites appear to be affected profoundly by MD as the effects on vision were just as severe as those observed following MD imposed on normal animals. The pervasive effects of selected early visual deprivation across many cortical areas reported here and elsewhere, together with the potential for perception to be mediated at a different neural site following deprivation than after typical rearing, points to a need for caution in the use of data from early experiential manipulations for formulation of linking hypotheses.

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Pontine projection from striate and prestriate visual cortex in the macaque monkey: An anterograde study

Visual Neuroscience ◽

10.1017/s0952523800003357 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 205-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

W. Fries

Keyword(s):

Visual Cortex ◽

Visual Field ◽

Striate Cortex ◽

Macaque Monkey ◽

Field Of View ◽

Central Visual Field ◽

Tracer Techniques ◽

Visual Areas ◽

Visual Cortical ◽

Anterograde Tracer

AbstractThe projection from striate and prestriate visual cortex to the pontine nuclei has been studied in the macaque monkey by means of anterograde tracer techniques in order to assess the contribution of anatomically and functionally distinct visual cortical areas to the cortico-ponto-cerebellar loop. No projection to the pons was found from central or paracentral visual-field representations of V1 (striate cortex) or prestriate visual areas V2, and V4. Small patches of terminal labeling occurred after injections of tracer into more peripheral parts of V1, V2 and V3, and into V3A. The terminal fields were located most dorsolaterally in the anterior to middle third of the pons and were quite restricted in their rostro-caudal extent. Injections of V5, however, yielded substantial terminal labeling, stretching longitudinally throughout almost the entire pons. This projection could be demonstrated to arise from parts of V5 receiving input from central visual-field representations of striate cortex, whereas parts of V4 receiving similarly central visual-field input had no detectable projection to the pons. Its distribution may overlap to a large extent with the termination of tecto-pontine fibers and with the termination of fibers from visual areas in the medial bank (area V6 or P0) and lateral bank (area LIP) of the intraparietal sulcus, as well as from frontal eye fields (FEF). It appears that the main information relayed to the cerebellum by the visual corticopontine projection is related to movement in the field of view.

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Topographic organization, number, and laminar distribution of callosal cells connecting visual cortical areas 17 and 18 of normally pigmented and Siamese cats

Visual Neuroscience ◽

10.1017/s0952523800006337 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 1-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Nancy E. J. Berman ◽

Simon Grant

Keyword(s):

Pyramidal Neurons ◽

Area 17 ◽

Vertical Meridian ◽

Cortical Areas ◽

Area Centralis ◽

Areas 17 And 18 ◽

Contralateral Eye ◽

Visual Cortical ◽

Callosal Pathway ◽

Cell Zone

AbstractThe callosal connections between visual cortical areas 17 and 18 in adult normally pigmented and “Boston” Siamese cats were studied using degeneration methods, and by transport of WGA-HRP combined with electrophysiological mapping. In normal cats, over 90% of callosal neurons were located in the supragranular layers. The supragranular callosal cell zone spanned the area 17/18 border and extended, on average, some 2–3 mm into both areas to occupy a territory which was roughly co-extensive with the distribution of callosal terminations in these areas. The region of the visual field adjoining the vertical meridian that was represented by neurons in the supragranular callosal cell zone was shown to increase systematically with decreasing visual elevation. Thus, close to the area centralis, receptive-field centers recorded from within this zone extended only up to 5 deg into the contralateral hemifield but at elevations of -10 deg and -40 deg they extended as far as 8 deg and 14 deg, respectively, into this hemifield. This suggests an element of visual non-correspondence in the callosal pathway between these cortical areas, which may be an essential substrate for “coarse” stereopsis at the visual midline.In the Siamese cats, the callosal cell and termination zones in areas 17 and 18 were expanded in width compared to the normal animals, but the major components were less robust. The area 17/18 border was often devoid of callosal axons and, in particular, the number of supragranular layer neurons participating in the pathway were drastically reduced, to only about 25% of those found in the normally pigmented adults. The callosal zones contained representations of the contralateral and ipsilateral hemifields that were roughly mirror-symmetric about the vertical meridian, and both hemifield representations increased with decreasing visual elevation. The extent and severity of the anomalies observed were similar across individual cats, regardless of whether a strabismus was also present. The callosal pathway between these visual cortical areas in the Siamese cat has been considered “silent,” since nearly all neurons within its territory are activated only by the contralateral eye. The paucity of supragranular pyramidal neurons involved in the pathway may explain this silence.

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Characterization of Feedback Neurons in the High-Level Visual Cortical Areas That Project Directly to the Primary Visual Cortex in the Cat

Frontiers in Neuroanatomy ◽

10.3389/fnana.2020.616465 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

Author(s):

Huijun Pan ◽

Shen Zhang ◽

Deng Pan ◽

Zheng Ye ◽

Hao Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Information Processing ◽

Visual Cortex ◽

Primary Visual Cortex ◽

Visual Information ◽

Higher Order ◽

Top Down ◽

Cortical Areas ◽

Area 21A ◽

High Level ◽

Visual Cortical

Previous studies indicate that top-down influence plays a critical role in visual information processing and perceptual detection. However, the substrate that carries top-down influence remains poorly understood. Using a combined technique of retrograde neuronal tracing and immunofluorescent double labeling, we characterized the distribution and cell type of feedback neurons in cat’s high-level visual cortical areas that send direct connections to the primary visual cortex (V1: area 17). Our results showed: (1) the high-level visual cortex of area 21a at the ventral stream and PMLS area at the dorsal stream have a similar proportion of feedback neurons back projecting to the V1 area, (2) the distribution of feedback neurons in the higher-order visual area 21a and PMLS was significantly denser than in the intermediate visual cortex of area 19 and 18, (3) feedback neurons in all observed high-level visual cortex were found in layer II–III, IV, V, and VI, with a higher proportion in layer II–III, V, and VI than in layer IV, and (4) most feedback neurons were CaMKII-positive excitatory neurons, and few of them were identified as inhibitory GABAergic neurons. These results may argue against the segregation of ventral and dorsal streams during visual information processing, and support “reverse hierarchy theory” or interactive model proposing that recurrent connections between V1 and higher-order visual areas constitute the functional circuits that mediate visual perception. Also, the corticocortical feedback neurons from high-level visual cortical areas to the V1 area are mostly excitatory in nature.

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Biological variation in the sizes, shapes and locations of visual cortical areas in the mouse

10.1101/414698 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jack Waters ◽

Eric Lee ◽

Nathalie Gaudreault ◽

Fiona Griffin ◽

Jerome Lecoq ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Cortex ◽

Visual Information ◽

Biological Variation ◽

Measurement Noise ◽

Cortical Areas ◽

Retinotopic Maps ◽

Visual Areas ◽

Visual Cortical ◽

Cortical Visual Areas ◽

Processing Of Visual Information

ABSTRACTVisual cortex is organized into discrete sub-regions or areas that are arranged into a hierarchy and serve different functions in the processing of visual information. In our previous work, we noted that retinotopic maps of cortical visual areas differed between mice, but did not quantify these differences or determine the relative contributions of biological variation and measurement noise. Here we quantify the biological variation in the size, shape and locations of 11 visual areas in the mouse. We find that there is substantial biological variation in the sizes of visual areas, with some visual areas varying in size by two-fold across the population of mice.

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