Markets and fairs - JOAN M. FRAYN, MARKETS AND FAIRS IN ROMAN ITALY. THEIR SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE FROM THE SECOND CENTURY BC TO THE THIRD CENTURY AD (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1993). 183 pp., 13 ills. ISBN 0-19-814799-6. - L. DE LIGT, FAIRS AND MARKETS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF PERIODIC TRADE IN A PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY (Dutch Monographs on Ancient History and Archaeology XI; Gieben, Amsterdam 1993). x + 315 pp. ISBN 90-5063-146-0. Hfl. 140.--

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 420-422
Author(s):  
C. R. Whittaker
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
The Third ◽  
Roman Italy

scholarly journals Our Common Breath: ‘Conspiration’ from the Stoics to the Church Fathers

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-68
Author(s):  
Phillip Sidney Horky
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Early Church ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
The Church

AbstractThis essay tracks a brief history of the concept of ‘co-breathing’ or ‘conspiration’ (συμπνοία), from its initial conception in Stoic cosmology in the third century BCE to its appropriation in Christian thought at the end of the second century CE. This study focuses on two related strands: first, how the term gets associated anachronistically with two paradigmatic philosopher-physicians, Hippocrates and Pythagoras, by intellectuals in the Early Roman Empire; and second, how the same term provides the early Church Fathers with a means to synthesize and explain discrete notions of ‘breath’ (πνεῦμα) through a repurposing of the pagan concept. Sources discussed include figures associated with Stoic, Pythagorean, and early Christian cosmologies.

Economic Stagnation in the Early Roman Empire

1946 ◽  
Vol 6 (S1) ◽  
pp. 63-90
Author(s):  
Mason Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Roman Domination ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Present Discussion ◽  
The Third ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
Economic Stagnation ◽  
The Mediterranean

That the later Roman empire was a period of stagnation, not to say X of decline and total collapse, in the economic as in other spheres has long been recognized. But it has been the contribution of such modern scholars as Frank, Rostovtzeff, and Heichelheim to show that the symptoms and causes of this stagnation are not to be sought solely in the anarchy of the third century A.D. They may be detected earlier, behind the facade of peace and prosperity in the second century, and have roots which reach back into the very beginnings of the Roman domination over the Mediterranean world. In order to avoid too great extension in time, as well as in space, the present discussion will be limited to the symptoms and causes of economic stagnation that may be detected throughout the Mediterranean world during the early Roman empire, the two hundred and fifty odd years that elapsed from the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C., which left Augustus master of the Mediterranean world, to the assassination of Severus Alexander in 235 A.D., which ushered in a half century of anarchy and eventually the totalitarian state of Diocletian and Constantine.

Manichaean Biblical Interpretation

2019 ◽  
pp. 398-414
Author(s):  
Jason BeDuhn
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Biblical Interpretation ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Augustine Of Hippo ◽  
The Third ◽  
Exegetical Tradition

Mani, the founder of Manichaeism, represents the third-century Mesopotamian outgrowth of second-century Christianity in its pre-canonical character and valuation of the logia of Jesus over gospel narrative. He followed Marcion in his special esteem for Paul, critique of gospel authorship and transmission, and antithetical contrast of Jesus to Torah. He cited Jesus and Paul as the basis for many of his distinctive teachings, and this use of biblical material was transmitted across Asia by the Manichaean mission. In the Roman Empire, later generations of Manichaeans developed a rich exegetical tradition in dialogue and rivalry with orthodox Christians. Some Manichaean interpretative readings, particularly of Paul, influenced Augustine of Hippo, and through him subsequent Catholic and Protestant exegesis.

The Roman Empire and the Kushans

1979 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Thorley
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Roman History ◽  
First Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Ganges Plain ◽  
The Ganges

It may seem strange to link the Roman Empire with a Himalayan kingdom which hardly gets a mention in most standard works on Roman history, but in fact during the second and early third centuries A. D. these two powers enjoyed a cordial and mutually profitable relationship which was of considerable economic importance to both. From the end of the first century A. D. to the middle of the third century the Kushans controlled what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, parts of Soviet and Chinese Central Asia, and much of the Ganges plain. Their history has proved difficult to reconstruct, since they left no historical writing, and even the chronology of their kings is still disputed, but enough is now known for us to begin to piece together, though still somewhat tentatively, the strange and exotic relationship between this distant state and the Roman world, and perhaps in the process to contribute from Roman history to the problems of Kushan dating.

Transforming the Homeric Models: Quintus' Battle among the Gods in the Posthomerica

Ramus ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 60-78
Author(s):  
Katerina Carvounis
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Relative Chronology

Quintus' Posthomerica in fourteen books covers events from the Trojan saga that take place between the funeral of Hector, which marks the end of the Iliad, and the homeward journey of the victorious Greeks after the sack of Troy. Various hints in the text help us place the epic within the Roman Empire but do not allow much scope for further speculation on a more specific date. Relative chronology with other hexameter poets in the Roman period sets the composition of the Posthomerica in the third century, which saw a floruit of mythological poetry. For material shared between Quintus' Posthomerica and Oppian's Halieutica, which is placed between 177 and 180 CE, it is generally agreed that Quintus is drawing on Oppian, and the end of the second century is thus a plausible terminus post quern for the Posthomerica. Key to establishing a terminus ante quern for this epic is Triphiodorus' epyllion on the Sack of Troy, which is now dated to the late third century: scholarly opinion is divided about the direction of the borrowing between the two poets, but if Triphiodorus is drawing on Quintus, which seems to be more likely, then the Posthomerica can be placed before the end of the third century.

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