scholarly journals Scales of functions

1960 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Erdös ◽  
C. A. Rogers ◽  
S. J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Real Constant ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Du Bois ◽  
Image Position

We consider real-valued functions ƒ(x) which are defined for all sufficiently large real numbers x. In discussing the behaviour of such functions as x → + ∞, it is useful to compare ƒ with the functions of some “comparison scale”. The early work in this field was due to Du Bois-Reymond (see, for example, (2), (3)). This was elaborated by Hardy, (6), who was mainly concerned with what he calls the “logarithmico-exponential” scale of functions. This “scale of Hardy” may be defined as the smallest class ℋ of functions ƒ with the following properties:(i) if ƒ ∈ ℋ, ƒ, is defined and continuous for all sufficiently large values of x;(ii) (a) the function ƒ(x) ≡ α, where α is any real constant, is in ℋ;(b) the function ƒ(x) ≡ x is in ℋ;(iii) if ƒ and g are in ℋ and g is non-zero for all sufficiently large values of x, thenare also in ℋ.

A Functional Equation for the Cosine

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
PL Kannappan
Keyword(s):  
Functional Equation ◽  
Measurable Function ◽  
Trivial Solution ◽  
Real Variable ◽  
Real Constant ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Measurable Solution ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Complex Valued ◽  
Cosine Functions

It is known [3], [5] that, the complex-valued solutions of(B)(apart from the trivial solution f(x)≡0) are of the form(C)(D)In case f is a measurable solution of (B), then f is continuous [2], [3] and the corresponding ϕ in (C) is also continuous and ϕ is of the form [1],(E)In this paper, the functional equation(P)where f is a complex-valued, measurable function of the real variable and A≠0 is a real constant, is considered. It is shown that f is continuous and that (apart from the trivial solutions f ≡ 0, 1), the only functions which satisfy (P) are the cosine functions cos ax and - cos bx, where a and b belong to a denumerable set of real numbers.

On calculating extinction probabilities for branching processes in random environments

1969 ◽  
Vol 6 (03) ◽  
pp. 478-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Generating Functions ◽  
Infinite Sequence ◽  
Branching Processes ◽  
Transition Probability ◽  
Transition Probability Matrix ◽  
Random Environments ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Discrete Time Markov Chain ◽  
Extinction Probabilities ◽  
Image Position

Consider a discrete time Markov chain {Zn } whose state space is the non-negative integers and whose transition probability matrix ║Pij ║ possesses the representation where {Pr }, r = 1,2,…, is a finite or denumerably infinite sequence of non-negative real numbers satisfying , and , is a corresponding sequence of probability generating functions. It is assumed that Z 0 = k, a finite positive integer.

scholarly journals An Inhomogeneous Minimum For Non-Convex Star-Regions With Hexagonal Symmetry

1955 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 337-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Bambah ◽  
K. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Quadratic Form ◽  
Binary Quadratic Form ◽  
Elementary Geometry ◽  
Hexagonal Symmetry ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Inhomogeneous Minimum ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Indefinite Binary Quadratic Form

1. Introduction. Several authors have proved theorems of the following type:Let x0, y0 be any real numbers. Then for certain functions f(x, y), there exist numbers x, y such that1.1 x ≡ x0, y ≡ y0 (mod 1),and1.2 .The first result of this type, but with replaced by min , was given by Barnes (3) for the case when the function is an indefinite binary quadratic form. A generalisation of this was proved by elementary geometry by K. Rogers (6).

Inequalities related to Hardy's and Heinig's

1984 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Cochran ◽  
Cheng-Shyong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Real Numbers ◽  
Image Position

In a 1975 paper [8], Heinig established the following three inequalities:where A = p/(p + s − λ) with p, s, λ real numbers satisfying p + s > λ,p > 0;where B = p/(2p + sp − λ −1) with p, s, λ real numbers satisfying 2p +sp > λ, + 1, p > 0;where is a sequence of nonnegative real numbers,and C = p[l + l/(p + s−λ)] with p, s, λ real numbers satisfying s > 0, p ≥ 1, and p +s > λ 0.

On a singular eigenvalue problem

1968 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Naylor ◽  
S. C. R. Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equation ◽  
Eigenvalue Problem ◽  
Bessel Functions ◽  
Asymptotic Condition ◽  
Real Constant ◽  
Limit Circle ◽  
Expansion In Eigenfunctions ◽  
Image Position

Sears and Titchmarsh (1) have formulated an expansion in eigenfunctions which requires a knowledge of the s-zeros of the equationHere ka > 0 is supposed given and β is a real constant such that 0 ≤ β < π. The above equation is encountered when one seeks the eigenfunctions of the differential equationon the interval 0 < α ≤ r < ∞ subject to the condition of vanishing at r = α. Solutions of (2) are the Bessel functions J±is(kr) and every solution w of (2) is such that r−½w(r) belongs to L2 (α, ∞). Since the problem is of the limit circle type at infinity it is necessary to prescribe a suitable asymptotic condition there to make the eigenfunctions determinate. In the present instance this condition is

Analogue of a theorem of Khintchine in fields of formal power series

1966 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Cusick
Keyword(s):  
Power Series ◽  
Positive Constant ◽  
Classical Result ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Linear Forms ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Formal Power ◽  
Positive Integers

For a real number λ, ‖λ‖ is the absolute value of the difference between λ and the nearest integer. Let X represent the m-tuple (x1, x2, … xm) and letbe any n linear forms in m variables, where the Θij are real numbers. The following is a classical result of Khintchine (1):For all pairs of positive integers m, n there is a positive constant Г(m, n) with the property that for any forms Lj(X) there exist real numbers α1, α2, …, αn such thatfor all integers x1, x2, …, xm not all zero.

An Extremum Result

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 597-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kiefer
Keyword(s):  
Probability Measure ◽  
Compact Space ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Continuous Functions ◽  
Orthogonality Condition ◽  
Technical Detail ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Discrete Probability ◽  
Linearly Independent ◽  
Image Position

The main object of this paper is to prove the following:Theorem. Let f1, … ,fk be linearly independent continuous functions on a compact space. Then for 1 ≤ s ≤ k there exist real numbers aij, 1 ≤ i ≤ s, 1 ≤ j ≤ k, with {aij, 1 ≤ i, j ≤ s} n-singular, and a discrete probability measure ε*on, such that(a) the functions gi = Σj=1kaijfj 1 ≤ i ≤ s, are orthonormal (ε*) to the fj for s < j ≤ k;(b)The result in the case s = k was first proved in (2). The result when s < k, which because of the orthogonality condition of (a) is more general than that when s = k, was proved in (1) under a restriction which will be discussed in § 3. The present proof does not require this ad hoc restriction, and is more direct in approach than the method of (2) (although involving as much technical detail as the latter in the case when the latter applies).

Unbounded Positive Definite Functions

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 1309-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Abelian Group ◽  
Positive Measure ◽  
Positive Definite Function ◽  
Positive Definite ◽  
Locally Compact Abelian Group ◽  
Definite Function ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Stieltjes Transform ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Image Position

Let G be an abelian group, written additively. A complexvalued function ƒ, defined on G, is said to be positive definite if the inequality1holds for every choice of complex numbers C1, …, cn and S1, …, sn in G. It follows directly from (1) that every positive definite function is bounded. Weil (9, p. 122) and Raïkov (5) proved that every continuous positive definite function on a locally compact abelian group is the Fourier-Stieltjes transform of a bounded positive measure, thus generalizing theorems of Herglotz (4) (G = Z, the integers) and Bochner (1) (G = R, the real numbers).If ƒ is a continuous function, then condition (1) is equivalent to the condition that2

The Two-Sided Factorization of Ordinary Differential Operators

1980 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 1045-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Browne ◽  
Rodney Nillsen
Keyword(s):  
Differential Operator ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Bilinear Form ◽  
Differential Operators ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
The Real ◽  
Differentiable Functions ◽  
Ordinary Differential Operators ◽  
Image Position

Throughout this paper we shall use I to denote a given interval, not necessarily bounded, of real numbers and Cn to denote the real valued n times continuously differentiable functions on I and C0 will be abbreviated to C. By a differential operator of order n we shall mean a linear function L:Cn → C of the form1.1where pn(x) ≠ 0 for x ∊ I and pi ∊ Cj 0 ≦ j ≦ n. The function pn is called the leading coefficient of L.It is well known (see, for example, [2, pp. 73-74]) thai a differential operator L of order n uniquely determines both a differential operator L* of order n (the adjoint of L) and a bilinear form [·,·]L (the Lagrange bracket) so that if D denotes differentiation, we have for u, v ∊ Cn,1.2

Rational Approximation to xn II

1980 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Newman ◽  
A. R. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Rational Approximation ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Image Position

Introduction. In 1858 Chebyshev showed that xn+l can be approximated uniformly on [–1, 1] by polynomials of degree at most n with an error 2–n. Let 0 ≦ σ ≦ (n + l)tan2(π/2n + 2). In 1868 Zolotarev established that x n + 1σxn can be approximated uniformly on [ –1, 1] by polynomials of degree at most (n – 1) with an error 2–n(l + σ/n + l)n+1. It is interesting to note that for the case σ = 0, Zolotarev's result includes Chebyshev's result. Achieser ([1], p. 279) proved the following analogue for rational approximation. Let a0 ≠ 0, a1, a2, a3, …, an be any given real numbers. Then for every N > n,where λ is numerically the smallest root of the polynomialwith

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