Oblique-scattering radar reflectivity of the lunar surface: Preliminary results from Explorer 35

The term geo-sciences has been used here to include the disciplines geology, geophysics and geochemistry. However, in order to apply geophysics and geochemistry effectively one must begin with a geological model. Therefore, the science of geology should be used as the basis for lunar exploration. From an astronomical point of view, a lunar terrain heavily impacted with meteors appears the more reasonable; although from a geological standpoint, volcanism seems the more probable mechanism. A surface liberally marked with volcanic features has been advocated by such geologists as Bülow, Dana, Suess, von Wolff, Shaler, Spurr, and Kuno. In this paper, both the impact and volcanic hypotheses are considered in the application of the geo-sciences to manned lunar exploration. However, more emphasis is placed on the volcanic, or more correctly the defluidization, hypothesis to account for lunar surface features.

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A Photographic Map of the Moon

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900178179 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 113-115

Author(s):

D. W. G. Arthur ◽

E. A. Whitaker

Keyword(s):

Lunar Surface ◽

The Moon ◽

Map Projection

The cartography of the lunar surface can be split into two operations which can be carried on quite independently. The first, which is also the most laborious, is the interpretation of the lunar photographs into the symbolism of the map, with the addition of fine details from telescopic sketches. An example of this kind of work is contained in Johann Krieger'sMond Atlaswhich consists of photographic enlargements in which Krieger has sharpened up the detail to accord with his telescopic impressions. Krieger did not go on either to convert the photographic picture into the line symbolism of a map, or to place this picture on any definite map projection.

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The O–C diagrams of minor planets − a new approach to modelling the rotation

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100031407 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 173 ◽

pp. 185-188

Author(s):

Gy. Szabó ◽

K. Sárneczky ◽

L.L. Kiss

Keyword(s):

Error Analysis ◽

Time Dependence ◽

Theoretical Work ◽

Minor Planet ◽

Minor Planets ◽

New Approach ◽

Preliminary Results ◽

Ccd Observations

AbstractA widely used tool in studying quasi-monoperiodic processes is the O–C diagram. This paper deals with the application of this diagram in minor planet studies. The main difference between our approach and the classical O–C diagram is that we transform the epoch (=time) dependence into the geocentric longitude domain. We outline a rotation modelling using this modified O–C and illustrate the abilities with detailed error analysis. The primary assumption, that the monotonity and the shape of this diagram is (almost) independent of the geometry of the asteroids is discussed and tested. The monotonity enables an unambiguous distinction between the prograde and retrograde rotation, thus the four-fold (or in some cases the two-fold) ambiguities can be avoided. This turned out to be the main advantage of the O–C examination. As an extension to the theoretical work, we present some preliminary results on 1727 Mette based on new CCD observations.

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Cyclic Evolution of Sunspots: Gleaning New Results from Old Data

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100064411 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 179 ◽

pp. 163-165

Author(s):

S. K. Solanki ◽

M. Fligge ◽

P. Pulkkinen ◽

P. Hoyng

Keyword(s):

Sunspot Number ◽

Sunspot Cycle ◽

Preliminary Results ◽

Butterfly Diagram

AbstractThe records of sunspot number, sunspot areas and sunspot locations gathered over the centuries by various observatories are reanalysed with the aim of finding as yet undiscovered connections between the different parameters of the sunspot cycle and the butterfly diagram. Preliminary results of such interrelationships are presented.

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Systematic effects in observed parallaxes

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100073887 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 48 ◽

pp. 31-35

Author(s):

R. B. Hanson

Keyword(s):

Error Estimates ◽

Zero Point ◽

Absolute Zero ◽

Apparent Magnitude ◽

Coherent System ◽

Preliminary Results ◽

General Catalogue ◽

Systematic Effects ◽

New Evidence ◽

Right Ascension

Several outstanding problems affecting the existing parallaxes should be resolved to form a coherent system for the new General Catalogue proposed by van Altena, as well as to improve luminosity calibrations and other parallax applications. Lutz has reviewed several of these problems, such as: (A) systematic differences between observatories, (B) external error estimates, (C) the absolute zero point, and (D) systematic observational effects (in right ascension, declination, apparent magnitude, etc.). Here we explore the use of cluster and spectroscopic parallaxes, and the distributions of observed parallaxes, to bring new evidence to bear on these classic problems. Several preliminary results have been obtained.

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Quantitative Measurements on the Ion Etching of TMV

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100072125 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 336-337

Author(s):

Irwin Bendet ◽

Nabil Rizk

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Ion Current ◽

Beam Diameter ◽

Ion Etching ◽

Preliminary Results ◽

Quantitative Measurements ◽

Monitoring Devices

Preliminary results reported last year on the ion etching of tobacco mosaic virus indicated that the diameter of the virus decreased more rapidly at 10KV than at 5KV, perhaps reaching a constant value before disappearing completely.In order to follow the effects of ion etching on TMV more quantitatively we have designed and built a second apparatus (Fig. 1), which incorporates monitoring devices for measuring ion current and vacuum as well as accelerating voltage. In addition, the beam diameter has been increased to approximately 1 cm., so that ten electron microscope grids can be exposed to the beam simultaneously.

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Granular bainite or granular ferrite? A preliminary TEM investigation of an HSLA-100 steel

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100087239 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 584-585

Author(s):

R. Varughese ◽

S. W. Thompson ◽

P. R. Howell

Keyword(s):

Room Temperature ◽

Transformation Products ◽

Accurate Description ◽

Granular Bainite ◽

Preliminary Results ◽

The Past ◽

Light Micrograph ◽

Multiphase Reaction ◽

Detailed Nature

Ever since Habraken and Economopoulos first employed the term granular bainite to classify certain unconventional transformation products in continuously cooled steels, the term has been widely accepted and used, despite the lack of a clear consensus as to the detailed nature of the transformation products which constitute granular bainite. This paper presents the preliminary results of a TEM investigation of an 0.04 wt% C, copper-containing steel (designated HSLA-100). It is suggested that the term granular ferrite rather than granular bainite is a more accurate description of this multiphase reaction product.Figure 1 is a light micrograph of a sample which had been air-cooled from 900°C to room temperature. The microstructure is typical of that which has been termed granular bainite in the past and appears to consist of equiaxed ferritic grains together with other minor transformation products. In order to examine these structures in more detail, both continuously cooled and isothermally transformed and quenched materials have been examined with TEM. Granular bainite has been found in virtually all samples.

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