School and Parental Influences on Sociopolitical Development Among Poor Adolescents of Color

In the beginning, ijma' (consensus) was more a pragmatic necessity thanan explicit Shari'ah principle. It was first applied to public policy considerationsand was used to settle some crucial questions that had arisen (we will discussthe issue of khilafah separately, where we can see how the Companions attemptedto settle this issue). The event of the Thaqifah of Banu Sa'idah was a great testfor the ummah's social order and alerted the leaders to potential future crises.The Companions therefore gave immediate attention to the succession issue,and sincere people realized that the ummah needed a sociopolitical doctrine thatwould support its desired sociopolitical development and keep it united. Amongthe khulafa 'al rashidun, particularly Abu Bakr and ' Umar, great emphasis wasplaced on the principle of shura, which was, in fact, a means to realize ijma '.The development of ijma ' was an opportune and proper approach to preservethe ummah's unity and integrity. As the Companions were greatly concernedabout the establishment of the khilafah by means of ijma', 'Umar rejected allattempts to use other methods.'Although the fuqaha' (jurists) refer to the Qur'anic ayat and the ahadith asa normative basis for ijma', precedents are found in the practice the khulafa 'al rashidun and the Companions, who made agreed-upon decisions in manysocial and religious matters. The jurists are unanimous in agreeing that theCompanions' ijma' is a complete and definite source of law, and some recognizeit to the exclusion of all other source. The classical jurist al Khatib al Baghdadi ...

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Introduction

10.1093/oso/9780198717737.003.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Paul Oldfield

Keyword(s):

Middle Ages ◽

Urban Transformation ◽

Sociopolitical Development

The introduction establishes the importance of works of urban panegyric as sources for understanding urban transformation in the period 1100 to 1300. It details how the study categorizes and identifies works of panegyric, demonstrating that praise of cities appears in many and diverse textual forms and does not conform to a formulaic template. The introduction also provides an overview of the scholarship on urban panegyric and establishes some of the study’s key criteria (definitions of a city, geographical and chronological coverage). It also provides a contextual overview of the sociopolitical development of the medieval city in the Central Middle Ages as initial background for the thematic analyses that will follow in subsequent chapters. Finally, it provides an overview plan of the arrangement of the book and the content of its chapters.

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Genetics, Parenting, and Moral Development

The Oxford Handbook of Parenting and Moral Development ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190638696.013.8 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 106-128

Author(s):

Dana Vertsberger ◽

Salomon Israel ◽

Ariel Knafo-Noam

Keyword(s):

Moral Development ◽

Moral Reasoning ◽

Prosocial Behavior ◽

Dopaminergic System ◽

Molecular Genetic ◽

Parental Influences ◽

Serotonergic System ◽

Social Situations ◽

Gene Environment ◽

The Way

This chapter reviews findings regarding genetic and parental influences on moral development, and is organized according to three morally relevant components: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. The cognitive component refers to the conceptualization of right and wrong, and specifically moral reasoning and values. The affective component refers to feelings related to reactions to social situations and evaluations of chosen actions, focusing on emotions such as empathy, guilt, and pride. The behavioral component refers to the way individuals choose to behave, and specifically to prosocial behavior. We review relevant quantitative and molecular genetic designs, and particularly four neurobiological systems: the dopaminergic system, the oxytocinergic and vasopressinergic systems, and the serotonergic system, which have been found to be associated with moral development. In addition, we review parents’ influences on moral development, in the context of gene-environment interactions and correlations.

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