Delay of primary reinforcement if effects of two forms of response-contingent time-out.

1970 ◽  
Vol 70 (1, Pt.1) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Primary Reinforcement ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Time Out

Effect of Vicarious Punishment on Stuttering Frequency

1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Martin ◽  
Samuel Haroldson
Keyword(s):  
Dramatic Reduction ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
The Third ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Contingent Stimulation

This investigation explored the effect of vicarious response-contingent stimulation on the frequency of stuttering. Twenty adult stutterers spoke for 20 minutes, then observed a speaker on a videotape for 10 minutes, and then spoke for an additional 20 minutes. In one condition the speaker on the videotape was a severe stutterer who experienced a dramatic reduction in stuttering under a contingent time-out procedure. In a second condition, the videotape speaker was a severe stutterer who received no experimental manipulations. In the third condition, the videotape speaker was a normal talker who received no experimental manipulations. All subjects participated in all three conditions. Twenty of the stutterers experienced a significant decrease in stuttering as a result of watching the videotape model who received contingent time-out. The subjects did not exhibit significant changes in stuttering after watching the severe stutterer who received no treatment or the normal talker.

The Influence of Stutterer’s Expectancies of Improvement upon Response to Time-Out

1974 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack E. James ◽  
Roger J. Ingham
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Time Out

The influence of the variable of stutterers' expectancies of improvement upon the efficacy of response-contingent time-out from speaking was investigated. Fourteen male stutterers were exposed to four conditions: base rate, time-out plus enhanced expectancies of improvement, base rate, and time-out plus allayed expectancies of improvement. Subjects' expectancies of improvement were manipulated by the administration of a placebo and instructions. Results indicated that time-out produced significant reductions in frequency of stuttering under both expectancy conditions, and that the efficacy of the procedure under one condition was not significantly different from its efficacy under the other. Other data collected allowed an independent check to be made of results obtained by previous investigators on the subjective effects of time-out. Discrepancies between the findings of other researchers ana those of the present study are discussed.

The Influence of Duration on the Effects of Time-Out from Speaking

1976 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack E. James
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Actual Duration

The influence of the variable of duration on the effects of time-out from speaking was investigated. Forty-five adolescent and adult stutterers participated in a study which examined the relative effects of time-out of one, five, 10, and 30 seconds and no time-out. Response-contingent time-out from speaking of all four durations resulted in significant reductions in stuttering frequency while the no time-out control showed no change. Although longer durations tended to effect greater reductions in stuttering frequency, no reliable differences between time-out durations were found. It was concluded that the punishing effects of the time-out from speaking procedure were predominantly due to its involving contingent interruption of speaking, and that the actual duration of the period of silence was comparatively unimportant. Present findings seem to provide little support for the notion that time-out from speaking primarily represents time-out from positive reinforcement.

Time Out of Mind?

1979 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 695-696
Author(s):  
PETER SUEDFELD
Keyword(s):  
Time Out

Personal Relationships: Out of Time, Out of Place

1986 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol M. Werner
Keyword(s):  
Personal Relationships ◽  
Time Out

Time-Out: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve A. Nida ◽  
Arona R. Muckenfuss ◽  
D. Michelle Turner ◽  
Kipling D. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Time Out
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