The Influence of Stutterer’s Expectancies of Improvement upon Response to Time-Out

1974 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack E. James ◽  
Roger J. Ingham
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Time Out

The influence of the variable of stutterers' expectancies of improvement upon the efficacy of response-contingent time-out from speaking was investigated. Fourteen male stutterers were exposed to four conditions: base rate, time-out plus enhanced expectancies of improvement, base rate, and time-out plus allayed expectancies of improvement. Subjects' expectancies of improvement were manipulated by the administration of a placebo and instructions. Results indicated that time-out produced significant reductions in frequency of stuttering under both expectancy conditions, and that the efficacy of the procedure under one condition was not significantly different from its efficacy under the other. Other data collected allowed an independent check to be made of results obtained by previous investigators on the subjective effects of time-out. Discrepancies between the findings of other researchers ana those of the present study are discussed.

scholarly journals The base rate principle and the fairness principle in social judgment

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (27) ◽  
pp. 7475-7480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Cao ◽  
Mahzarin R. Banaji
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Correct Answer ◽  
Social Judgment ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Implicit Beliefs ◽  
Base Rates ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
Fairness Principle

Meet Jonathan and Elizabeth. One person is a doctor and the other is a nurse. Who is the doctor? When nothing else is known, the base rate principle favors Jonathan to be the doctor and the fairness principle favors both individuals equally. However, when individuating facts reveal who is actually the doctor, base rates and fairness become irrelevant, as the facts make the correct answer clear. In three experiments, explicit and implicit beliefs were measured before and after individuating facts were learned. These facts were either stereotypic (e.g., Jonathan is the doctor, Elizabeth is the nurse) or counterstereotypic (e.g., Elizabeth is the doctor, Jonathan is the nurse). Results showed that before individuating facts were learned, explicit beliefs followed the fairness principle, whereas implicit beliefs followed the base rate principle. After individuating facts were learned, explicit beliefs correctly aligned with stereotypic and counterstereotypic facts. Implicit beliefs, however, were immune to counterstereotypic facts and continued to follow the base rate principle. Having established the robustness and generality of these results, a fourth experiment verified that gender stereotypes played a causal role: when both individuals were male, explicit and implicit beliefs alike correctly converged with individuating facts. Taken together, these experiments demonstrate that explicit beliefs uphold fairness and incorporate obvious and relevant facts, but implicit beliefs uphold base rates and appear relatively impervious to counterstereotypic facts.

Queer Structures of Religious Feeling: What Time Is Now?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Pellegrini
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Psychoanalysis And Religion ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Religious Feeling ◽  
The Times ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Queer Temporality

This essay asks what psychoanalysis and religion might have to say to each other in view of Freud’s secular aspirations and queer theory’s temporal turn. Both queer temporality and psychoanalysis offer resources for understanding the multiple ways time coats, codes, and disciplines the body in secular modernity. This is so even though psychoanalysis is one of these disciplines. Nevertheless, the times of psychoanalysis are multiple. On the one hand, psychoanalysis quite frequently lays down a teleology in which the individual subject matures along a set pathway. On the other hand, this developmental imperative is at profound odds with psychoanalysis’s capacity to make room for the co-existence of past and present in ways that confound secular time’s forward march. This latter recognition—co-temporality—may even lay down routes for the cultivation of “counter-codes” (Foucault’s term), ways of living and experiencing and telling time out of sync with the linear logics of what José Muñoz has called “straight time.”

Judging the Importance of Constant and Variable Candidate Causes: A Test of the Power PC Theory

1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Vallée-Tourangeau ◽  
Robin A. Murphy ◽  
Susan Drew ◽  
A.G. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Causal Power ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Associative Model ◽  
Contrast Model ◽  
Causal Induction ◽  
Power Theory ◽  
Factorial Combination ◽  
Target Effect

In two causal induction experiments subjects rated the importance of pairs of candidate causes in the production of a target effect; one candidate was present on every trial (constant cause), whereas the other was present on only some trials (variable cause). The design of both experiments consisted of a factorial combination of two values of the variable cause's covariation with the effect and three levels of the base rate of the effect. Judgements of the constant cause were inversely proportional to the level of covariation of the variable cause but were proportional to the base rate of the effect. The judgements were consistent with the predictions derived from the Rescorla-Wagner (1972) model of associative learning and with the predictions of the causal power theory of the probabilistic contrast model (Cheng, 1997) or “power PC theory”. However, judgements of the importance of the variable candidate cause were proportional to the base rate of the effect, a phenomenon that is in some cases anticipated by the power PC theory. An alternative associative model, Pearce's (1987) similarity-based generalization model, predicts the influence of the base rate of the effect on the estimates of both the constant and the variable cause.

Effects of Differential Reinforcement Procedures on Discrimination Learning by Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Children

1973 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-450
Author(s):  
John Raymond Blair ◽  
Bruce R. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Differential Reinforcement ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Reinforcement ◽  
Contingent Reinforcement ◽  
Token Reinforcement ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Mentally Retarded Children ◽  
Reinforcement Procedure

Institutionalized mentally retarded children performed on a two-choice discrimination task under one of 6 conditions of reward (response-contingent consumable, response-contingent nonconsumable, token-consumable, token-nonconsumable, token, social). The results indicated that response-contingent nonconsumable rewards were not more distracting than response-contingent consumable rewards nor was the presentation of material rewards by the token-reinforcement procedure less distracting than the response-contingent reinforcement procedure. Further, social reinforcement was less effective than response-contingent nonconsumable rewards; however, no differences were found between social reinforcement and the other material rewards regardless of reinforcement procedure.

Behaviour of Rats in Multiple Schedules of Response-Contingent and Response-Independent Food Presentation

1978 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Bradshaw ◽  
E. Szabadi ◽  
P. Bevan
Keyword(s):  
Negative Contrast ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Food Presentation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
General Applicability ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Multiple Schedules ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Lever Pressing

During Phase I, three rats were exposed to two-component multiple schedules of response-independent food presentation. Low rates of lever-pressing were observed, and response rates in one component did not increase when food presentation was withheld in the other component. During Phase II, the same rats were exposed to two-component multiple schedules of response-contingent reinforcement. Much higher rates of lever-pressing were observed. Moreover, when reinforcement was withheld in one component, response rates in the other component increased (positive contrast), and when reinforcement was reinstated in the changed component, response rates in the other component declined (negative contrast). During Phase III, when food was again delivered independently of responding, the response rates declined again to low levels. These results indicate that the occurrence of non-instrumental lever-pressing is not a prerequisite for the occurrence of behavioural contrast in the rat, and thus cast doubt on the general applicability of the autoshaping theory of behavioural contrast

Watershed

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-68
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Crist
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
International Travel ◽  
The Other ◽  
Creative Project ◽  
New York Philharmonic ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Enormous Amount ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Cover Art

1959 was a watershed for the Dave Brubeck Quartet. Not only was it the year of Brubeck’s most famous creative project, Time Out, but it also marked the midpoint of the “classic” Quartet with Paul Desmond, which was formed in 1951 and disbanded in 1967. This chapter discloses the specific factors involved in the production of Time Out. These include early concert performances of the repertoire, the recording sessions, and decisions concerning the album’s title, cover art, and liner notes. The other trajectory followed here concerns several important matters that were uppermost in Brubeck’s life and career at that time. Chief among them were an enormous amount of domestic and international travel, a high-profile stand against racism and segregation in the South, an all-out effort to finish his musical and see it produced on Broadway, and a series of performances with the New York Philharmonic in Carnegie Hall.

Effect of Vicarious Punishment on Stuttering Frequency

1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Martin ◽  
Samuel Haroldson
Keyword(s):  
Dramatic Reduction ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
The Third ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Contingent Stimulation

This investigation explored the effect of vicarious response-contingent stimulation on the frequency of stuttering. Twenty adult stutterers spoke for 20 minutes, then observed a speaker on a videotape for 10 minutes, and then spoke for an additional 20 minutes. In one condition the speaker on the videotape was a severe stutterer who experienced a dramatic reduction in stuttering under a contingent time-out procedure. In a second condition, the videotape speaker was a severe stutterer who received no experimental manipulations. In the third condition, the videotape speaker was a normal talker who received no experimental manipulations. All subjects participated in all three conditions. Twenty of the stutterers experienced a significant decrease in stuttering as a result of watching the videotape model who received contingent time-out. The subjects did not exhibit significant changes in stuttering after watching the severe stutterer who received no treatment or the normal talker.

scholarly journals A-248 Using Rates of Low Scores to Assess Agreement between CNSVS and a Traditional Battery of Neuropsychological Tests

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1043-1043
Author(s):  
Ivins B ◽  
Arrieux J ◽  
Cole W ◽  
Schwab K
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Test Battery ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mild Tbi ◽  
Valid Data ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Standard Deviations

Abstract Objective CNSVS is a brief computerized test battery used to assess cognitive function. We compare intra-individual agreement between CNSVS and a battery of traditional neuropsychological tests using rates of low scores. Methods Complete and valid data from 246 healthy soldiers and 177 soldiers ≤ 7 days from sustaining mild TBI (mTBI) were used in this analysis. All soldiers were consecutively administered CNSVS and a traditional test battery consisting of: TOPF, WAIS-IV, CVLT-II, RCFT, DKEFS, and CPT-II. We performed base rate analyses of both batteries to determine the proportions of soldiers who had various numbers of scores that were 1.0+, 1.5+, and 2.0+ standard deviations below the normative mean. We used those rates to place Soldiers into a “low score hierarchy” ranging from the least poor (i.e. ~ > 10th %ile) to the worst overall performance (i.e. ~ ≤ 10th %ile). We then compared agreement between the batteries at each of those levels. Results More soldiers with mTBI had low scores than healthy soldiers on both batteries. Of the soldiers who performed at the worst level on one battery, 95.9% from CNSVS and 80.0% from traditional had some level of poor performance on the other battery. However, of the soldiers who performed at the worst level on either battery, only 38.8% from CNSVS and 63.3% from traditional also performed at the worst level on the other battery. Conclusion These batteries similarly identify poor performance to a degree, though with some potentially meaningful differences still present.

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