Sound research studies, beginning with Brownell's4* classical study of 1941, have shown that children already possess many number concepts before entering first grade. Bjonerud2 reported specific number concepts possessed by preschool children at the time of kindergarten entrance and recommended systematic instruction beginning no later than second semester in the kindergarten year. Davis6 studied the growth of familiarity with measurement in children of four and five years of age. Sussman,13 in a recent study, has shown that today's kindergartners know as much about arithmetic at the beginning of kindergarten as first-grade children did a few decades ago. Today apparently there are forces at work which are enabling preschool children to learn and use more arithmetic than at any other period of our educational history.