Population and Nesting Behaviour of Weaver Ants, Oecophylla smaragdina from Meghalaya, India

Weaver ants are known for their unique nest-building skills using leaves and larval-silk as a binding agent. The weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina are present in large numbers in the Ri-Bhoi district, Meghalaya. Ri-Bhoi district is a hot and humid place with 22 -30°C. This is the first study from this region to examine the nesting behavior along with the population of these ants from here. It was noted that they build nests in different types of trees but it is more abundant in needlewood trees (Schima wallichi) locally known as ‘diengngan.’ From the central trunk of the S. wallichi tree, the nearest distance of the nest is about 0.7 m and the farthest up to 3.4 m. The nests of O. smaragdina are somewhat round-oval and use leaves of different sizes ranging from 8-32 cm2. The nests are made at a height ranging from 4-25 m and their average nest size is about 9,483 cm3. They utilize about twenty leaves with a specific number of chambers to keep their broods, the queen, and food. The number of worker ants, pupae, and larvae are variable in different nests because of nest size, location/height of the nests, and the trees. When the nest population increases, they locate a new spot and build a satellite nest where they get the right amount of sunlight and shelter from predators and adverse environmental factors. These weaver ants are also used as medicine, food and fish bait by the indigenous people in Meghalaya.

Ada Aksara di Antara Angka dan Bulatan Itu: Sakala Dihyang dan Upaya Penafsirannya

Sakala Dihyang is a kind of chronogram that considered as puzzle in the Merapi-Merbabu manuscript collection. This article purposes to discuss the issue about how to interpret this kinds, especially through the list of the numbers, alphabets, and circles combination that found in the manuscript 6 L 107 (folio 25r) and ms. 14 L 290 (folio 16v). The amalgamation of numbers and circles in sakala dihyang constructs the series of—preciselly four—disyllabic words, arranged in aṅkānāṃ vāmato gatiḥ principles, the writing moves from right to left, and every disyllabic words represents a specific number. Sakala Dihyangis similar to sakala milir (in Javanese: sěngkalan lamba), a kind of chronogram used bhūtasaṃkhya system, but it uses the implicit expression. The interpretation to sakal dihyang can assisted by other chorongram (mělok, milir, dan koci) that are used in the same discourse simultaneouslly. The kakawin contains the list of words used in chronogram, i.e. Candrabhūmi, is also functioned in the interpretation process. The arranging pattern of disyllabic word structureused in sakala dihyang is also become obstruction in its interpretation process—especially when it compares to Candrabhūmi. Because of disyllabic structure is the necessity in sakala dihyang composition, conversely the words in candrabhūmi list do not always shave disyllabic structure, and so its modification pattern is also discussed in this article.

Language effects in early development of number writing and reading

Reading and writing multidigit numbers requires accurate switching between Arabic numbers and spoken number words. This is particularly challenging in languages with number-word inversion such as German (24 is pronounced as four-and-twenty), as reported by Zuber, Pixner, Moeller, and Nuerk (2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2008.04.003). The current study aimed to replicate the qualitative error analysis by Zuber et al. and further extended their study: 1) A cross-linguistic (German, English) analysis enabled us to differentiate between language-dependent and more general transcoding challenges. 2) We investigated whether specific number structures influence accuracy rates. 3) To consider both transcoding directions (from Arabic numbers to number words and vice versa), we assessed performance for number reading in addition to number writing. 4) Our longitudinal design allowed us to investigate transcoding development between Grades 1 and 2. We assessed 170 German- and 264 English-speaking children. Children wrote and read the same set of 44 one-, two- and three-digit numbers, including the same number structures as Zuber et al. For German, we confirmed that a high amount of errors in number writing was inversion-related. For English, the percentage of inversion-related errors was very low. Accuracy rates were strongly related to number syntax. The impact of number structures was independent of transcoding direction or grade level and revealed cross-linguistic challenges of transcoding multidigit numbers. For instance, transcoding of three-digit numbers containing syntactic zeros (e.g., 109) was significantly more accurate than transcoding of items with lexical zeros (e.g., 190). Based on our findings, we suggest adaptations of current transcoding models.

From the History of the Classification of parts of speech

Distributing the vocabulary in a language into different classes and using common grammatical signs (morphological categories, suntactic functions) as a class-fiction principle creates a list of parts of a specific number of speech in a language. Spanish is no exception, where nine parts of speech are distinguished: noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction,interjection. He presented sequence of parts of speech is found in 2009, after the Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) published an updated grammar of the Spanish language “„Nueva gramática de la lengua española“. The academy-proposed classification with updated grammar, which is considered the final version at this stage, differs in a number of characteristics from the classifications presented in the grammatical works of previous centuries.The present article deals with the history of the classification of parts of speech, where based on the most important grammatical works for the Spanish (Castilian) language, the evolution of the classification of parts of speech is described. Description of the classification of parts of speech we started from the first grammar of Castilian language and saw how the Nebrichasian classification gradually changed and how we got the part of the nine speeches in modern Spanish.

Longer distance cycling for interspecies mobility justice in Canada

This article explores how longer distance cycling can advance interspecies mobility justice, a theory of (im)mobilities and justice that includes other-than-human persons and habitats as worthy of our positive moral obligations. I argue that longer distance cycling can advance interspecies mobility justice by promoting socially inclusive and ecologically good cycling practices that redress the active travel poverty of marginalized and colonized populations, while replacing rather than augmenting auto roads with active travel routes that help humans respect other species. The article theorizes longer distance cycling not as some specific number of kilometres, but rather as the social production of cycling space across gentrified central cities, struggling inner suburbs, outer exurbs and rural countrysides. To explore this argument my analysis focuses on Canada, an extreme context for longer distance cycling. I offer a comparison of two case studies, situated on the country’s west and east coasts, Vancouver, British Columbia and Halifax, Nova Scotia, drawing on an ongoing ethnographic study of cycling practices and politics in Canada.  

SOME HIGHLIGHTS AND PROBLEMS FROM THE APPLICATION OF THE CARD OF RESTORED PROPERTY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LAND RELATIONS

The maintenance of the map of the restored property, as specified in the text of Article 15 of Ordinance № 49 on maintenance of the map of the restored property, is performed by the municipal agricultural services. An important point, reflected in the text of Article 30 of Ordinance № 49, are the legal requirements for the numbering of the properties, subject to a map of the restored property. Each plot of land is marked with a specific number. The characteristic of this number is that it cannot be repeated with another number of the property on the territory of the country. The property number is also the number of the newly formed properties under a project for division or unification of a land property. The sketch of the project for division, division or consolidation of properties is made by the contractor of the technical activities for maintenance of a map of the restored property, determined by the order of the Public Procurement Act. The sketch must contain ten elements, nine technical and one administrative.

Facile synthesis of highly active Ti/Sb-SnO2 electrode by sol-gel spinning technique for landfill leachate treatment

Highly active Ti/Sb–SnO2 electrodes were fabricated using sol-gel spin coating procedure, which exhibited a rough, uniform and multilayer coating structure. The effects of different Sb-SnO2 film layers on the physiochemical, electrochemical properties and pollutant degradability of electrodes and the mechanism were evaluated on a systematic basis. The electrodes with more active layers exhibited higher electro-catalytic performance. Upon exceeding 8 layers, the promotion effect of the coating was reduced. Considering various factors, this paper recommends preparing Ti/Sb–SnO2 electrodes coated with 8 layers to obtain higher electro-catalytic ability in landfill leachate treatment. The specific number of coating layers should be determined according to the electrode requirements. This work provided a theoretical basis and technical support for the preparation of Ti-SnO2 electrodes with high electro-catalytic activity and stability, while it still remains a great challenge to achieve an excellent balance between performance and stability before Ti/Sb-SnO2 electrodes can be implemented on a large scale in wastewater treatment.

Kinetic model of wealth distribution by trading stocks with geometric brownian motion

In this paper, we consider the wealth distribution obtained by trading (buying–selling) stocks whose prices follow the geometric Brownian motion (GBM), when both number of the ticker symbol of the stock and maximum number of the traded stock are limited to unity. The binary exchange of the cash and stock between two agents is expressed with the Boltzmann-type kinetic equation. The distribution function of the number of the agents with the specific number of the stock or specific amount of the cash can be demonstrated, theoretically, when the price of the stock is constant. The distribution function of the number of the agents with the specific amount of the total asset can be approximated by [Formula: see text]-distribution, when the price of the stock follows the GBM. Finally, the rule in the binary-exchange-game approximates the distribution function of the number of the agents with the specific amount of the total asset to the Feller–Pareto-like distribution at the high wealth tail.