scholarly journals Early anthropoid femora reveal divergent adaptive trajectories in catarrhine hind-limb evolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Almécija ◽  
Melissa Tallman ◽  
Hesham M. Sallam ◽  
John G. Fleagle ◽  
Ashley S. Hammond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hip Joint ◽  
Proximal Femur ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Primate Evolution ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
Early Oligocene ◽  
Adaptive Shifts ◽  
Anatomy Of The Hip

Abstract The divergence of crown catarrhines—i.e., the split of cercopithecoids (Old World monkeys) from hominoids (apes and humans)—is a poorly understood phase in our shared evolutionary history with other primates. The two groups differ in the anatomy of the hip joint, a pattern that has been linked to their locomotor strategies: relatively restricted motion in cercopithecoids vs. more eclectic movements in hominoids. Here we take advantage of the first well-preserved proximal femur of the early Oligocene stem catarrhine Aegyptopithecus to investigate the evolution of this anatomical region using 3D morphometric and phylogenetically-informed evolutionary analyses. Our analyses reveal that cercopithecoids and hominoids have undergone divergent evolutionary transformations of the proximal femur from a similar ancestral morphology that is not seen in any living anthropoid, but is preserved in Aegyptopithecus, stem platyrrhines, and stem cercopithecoids. These results highlight the relevance of fossil evidence for illuminating key adaptive shifts in primate evolution.

scholarly journals Recurrent Loss of APOBEC3H Activity during Primate Evolution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin I. Garcia ◽  
Michael Emerman
Keyword(s):  
Primate Evolution ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Old World ◽  
Cytidine Deaminases ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Green Monkey ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Amino Acid Mutations

AbstractGenes in the APOBEC3 family encode cytidine deaminases that provide a barrier against viral infection and retrotransposition. Of all APOBEC3 genes in humans, APOBEC3H (A3H) is the most polymorphic: some haplotypes encode stable and active A3H proteins, while others are unstable and inactive. Such variation in human A3H affects interactions with the lentiviral antagonist Vif, which counteracts A3H via proteasomal degradation. In order to broaden our understanding of A3H-Vif interactions as well as its evolution in Old World monkeys, we characterized A3H variation within four African green monkey (AGM) subspecies. We found that A3H is highly polymorphic in AGMs and has lost antiviral activity in multiple Old World monkeys. This loss of function was partially related to protein expression levels but was also influenced by amino acid mutations in the N-terminus. Moreover, we demonstrate that the evolution of A3H in the primate lineages leading to AGMs was not driven by Vif. Our work suggests that activity of A3H is evolutionarily dynamic and may have a negative effect on host fitness, resulting in its recurrent loss in primates.ImportanceAdaptation of viruses to their hosts is critical for transmission of viruses between different species. Previous studies had identified changes in a protein from the APOBEC3 family that influenced species-specificity of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) in African green monkeys. We studied the evolution of a related protein in the same system, APOBEC3H, which has experienced a loss of function in humans. This evolutionary approach revealed that recurrent loss of APOBEC3H activity has taken place during primate evolution suggesting that APOBEC3H places a fitness cost on hosts. The variability of APOBEC3H activity between different primates highlights the differential selective pressures on the APOBEC3 gene family.

scholarly journals Recurrent Loss of APOBEC3H Activity during Primate Evolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin I. Garcia ◽  
Michael Emerman
Keyword(s):  
Primate Evolution ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Old World ◽  
Cytidine Deaminases ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Green Monkey ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Amino Acid Mutations

ABSTRACT Genes in the APOBEC3 family encode cytidine deaminases that provide a barrier against viral infection and retrotransposition. Of all the APOBEC3 genes in humans, APOBEC3H (A3H) is the most polymorphic: some genes encode stable and active A3H proteins, while others are unstable and poorly antiviral. Such variation in human A3H affects interactions with the lentiviral antagonist Vif, which counteracts A3H via proteasomal degradation. In order to broaden our understanding of A3H-Vif interactions, as well as its evolution in Old World monkeys, we characterized A3H variation within four African green monkey (AGM) subspecies. We found that A3H is highly polymorphic in AGMs and has lost antiviral activity in multiple Old World monkeys. This loss of function was partially related to protein expression levels but was also influenced by amino acid mutations in the N terminus. Moreover, we demonstrate that the evolution of A3H in the primate lineages leading to AGMs was not driven by Vif. Our work suggests that the activity of A3H is evolutionarily dynamic and may have a negative effect on host fitness, resulting in its recurrent loss in primates. IMPORTANCE Adaptation of viruses to their hosts is critical for viral transmission between different species. Previous studies had identified changes in a protein from the APOBEC3 family that influenced the species specificity of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) in African green monkeys. We studied the evolution of a related protein in the same system, APOBEC3H, which has experienced a loss of function in humans. This evolutionary approach revealed that recurrent loss of APOBEC3H activity has taken place during primate evolution, suggesting that APOBEC3H places a fitness cost on hosts. The variability of APOBEC3H activity between different primates highlights the differential selective pressures on the APOBEC3 gene family.

Ultrastructure and analytical microprobe analysis of simian lung mite pigments

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 324-325
Author(s):  
R. W. Cole ◽  
J. C. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Microprobe Analysis ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lung Mite ◽  
Mite Infestations ◽  
Cardiopulmonary System

In recent years, non-human primates have become indispensable as experimental animals in many fields of biomedical research. Pharmaceutical and related industries alone use about 2000,000 primates a year. Respiratory mite infestations in lungs of old world monkeys are of particular concern because the resulting tissue damage can directly effect experimental results, especially in those studies involving the cardiopulmonary system. There has been increasing documentation of primate parasitology in the past twenty years.

scholarly journals Phylogeny and Evolutionary History of Old World Suboscine Birds (Aves: Eurylaimides)

2006 ◽  
Vol 3544 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT G. MOYLE ◽  
R TERRY CHESSER ◽  
RICHARD O. PRUM ◽  
PETER SCHIKLER ◽  
JOEL CRACRAFT
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Old World ◽  
History Of

Characterization and evolution of a single-copy sequence from the human Y chromosome

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 576-581
Author(s):  
R D Burk ◽  
P Ma ◽  
K D Smith
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Primate Evolution ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Homologous Sequence ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Chromosomal Distribution ◽  
Human Dna ◽  
Single Copy Sequence ◽  
Copy Sequence ◽  
Human Y Chromosome

To study the evolution and organization of DNA from the human Y chromosome, we constructed a recombinant library of human Y DNA by using a somatic cell hybrid in which the only cytologically detectable human chromosome is the Y. One recombinant (4B2) contained a 3.3-kilobase EcoRI single-copy fragment which was localized to the proximal portion of the Y long arm. Sequences homologous to this human DNA are present in male gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan DNAs but not in female ape DNAs. Under stringent hybridization conditions, the homologous sequence is either a single-copy or a low-order repeat in humans and in the apes. With relaxed hybridization conditions, this human Y probe detected several homologous DNA fragments which are all derived from the Y in that they occur in male DNAs from humans and the apes but not in female DNAs. In contrast, this probe hybridized to highly repeated sequences in both male and female DNAs from old world monkeys. Thus, sequences homologous to this probe underwent a change in copy number and chromosomal distribution during primate evolution.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document