scholarly journals Sex differences in hypertension: lessons from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)

2021 ◽  
Vol 135 (15) ◽  
pp. 1791-1804
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Elmarakby ◽  
Jennifer C. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Blood Pressure Control ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive

Abstract Although numerous clinical and experimental studies have clearly identified a sexual dimorphism in blood pressure control, the mechanism(s) underlying gender differences in blood pressure remain unclear. Over the past two decades, numerous laboratories have utilized the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as an experimental model of essential hypertension to increase our understanding of the mechanisms regulating blood pressure in males and females. Previous work by our group and others have implicated that differential regulation of adrenergic receptors, the renin–angiotensin system, oxidative stress, nitric oxide bioavailability and immune cells contribute to sex differences in blood pressure control in SHR. The purpose of this review is to summarize previous findings to date regarding the mechanisms of blood pressure control in male versus female SHR.

Role of Vasopressin in Blood Pressure Control of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

1978 ◽  
Vol 55 (s4) ◽  
pp. 247s-250s ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Möhring ◽  
Jacqueline Kintz ◽  
Josiane Schoun
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Pressure Control ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
High Salt Intake

1. The role of arginine—vasopressin (AVP) and of angiotensin in blood pressure control of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SH rats, stroke-prone strain) was studied. 2. In SH rats, which drank water or 1% NaCl, plasma AVP concentrations were elevated during the benign course of hypertension and increased further when the animals entered the malignant phase. Blood pressure correlated significantly with plasma AVP concentrations in SH rats on water, but not in SH rats on saline. 3. The injection of a specific AVP antiserum lowered blood pressure significantly in SH rats on water and in SH rats on saline. 4. When the correlation between blood pressure and plasma AVP of SH rats on water was compared with the respective correlation obtained during infusion of AVP into normotensive rats, a marked shift to the left became apparent, the factor of displacement amounting to more than 1000. 5. Saralasin did not affect blood pressure of SH rats on water, except for two rats with malignant hypertension. However, in SH rats on saline, saralasin lowered blood pressure significantly. 6. It is concluded that in SH rats AVP plays an important vasopressor role in blood pressure control and that sensitization to the vasopressor effect of AVP occurs in these animals. The renin—angiotensin system is significantly involved in blood pressure control of SH rats only when they are subjected to high salt intake.

Renin-angiotensin system in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats

1979 ◽  
Vol 236 (3) ◽  
pp. H409-H416 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shibota ◽  
A. Nagaoka ◽  
A. Shino ◽  
T. Fujita
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Malignant Hypertension ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Salt Loading ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Renin Angiotensin

The development of malignant hypertension was studied in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) kept on 1% NaCl as drinking water. Along with salt-loading, blood pressure gradually increased and reached a severe hypertensive level (greater than 230 mmHg), which was followed by increases in urinary protein (greater than 100 (mg/250 g body wt)/day) and plasma renin concentration (PRC, from 18.9 +/- 0.1 to 51.2 +/- 19.4 (ng/ml)/h, mean +/- SD). At this stage, renal small arteries and arterioles showed severe sclerosis and fibrinoid necrosis. Stroke was observed within a week after the onset of these renal abnormalities. The dose of exogenous angiotensin II (AII) producing 30 mmHg rise in blood pressure increased with the elevation of PRC, from 22 +/- 12 to 75 +/- 36 ng/kg, which was comparable to that in rats on water. The fall of blood pressure due to an AII inhibitor, [1-sarcosine, 8-alanine]AII (10(microgram/kg)/min for 40 min) became more prominent with the increase in PRC in salt-loaded rats, but was not detected in rats on water. These findings suggest that the activation of renin-angiotensin system participates in malignant hypertension of salt-loaded stroke-prone SHR rats that show stroke signs, proteinuria, hyperreninemia, and renovascular changes.

Cardiovascular hypertrophy in diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats: optimizing blockade of the renin–angiotensin system

2003 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus LASSILA ◽  
Belinda J. DAVIS ◽  
Terri J. ALLEN ◽  
Louise M. BURRELL ◽  
Mark E. COOPER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Calcium Channel ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
At1 Receptor ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Renin Angiotensin

The aim of the present study was to compare the antihypertrophic effects of blockade of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), vasopeptidase inhibition and calcium channel antagonism on cardiac and vascular hypertrophy in diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). SHR with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were treated with one of the following therapies for 32 weeks: the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril (100mg/kg); the angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist valsartan (30mg/kg); a combination of captopril with valsartan; the vasopeptidase inhibitor mixanpril (100mg/kg); or the calcium channel antagonist amlodipine (6mg/kg). Systolic blood pressure and cardiac and mesenteric artery hypertrophy were assessed. Mean systolic blood pressure in diabetic SHR (200±5mmHg) was reduced by captopril (162±5mmHg), valsartan (173±5mmHg), mixanpril (176±2mmHg) and amlodipine (159±4mmHg), and was further reduced by the combination of captopril with valsartan (131±5mmHg). Captopril, valsartan and mixanpril reduced heart and left ventricle weights by approx. 10%. The combination of captopril and valsartan further reduced heart weight (-24%) and left ventricular weight (-29%). Amlodipine did not affect cardiac hypertrophy. Only mixanpril and the combination of captopril and valsartan significantly reduced mesenteric weight. The mesenteric wall/lumen ratio was reduced by all drugs, and to a greater extent by the combination of captopril and valsartan. We conclude that optimizing the blockade of vasoconstrictive pathways such as the RAS, particularly with the combination of ACE inhibition and AT1 receptor antagonism, is associated with antitrophic effects in the context of diabetes and hypertension. In contrast, calcium channel blockade, despite similar effects on blood pressure, confers less antitrophic effects in the diabetic heart and blood vessels.

scholarly journals Involvement of complement 3 in the salt-sensitive hypertension by activation of renal renin-angiotensin system in spontaneously hypertensive rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (6) ◽  
pp. F1747-F1758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eriko Negishi ◽  
Noboru Fukuda ◽  
Tomoyasu Otsuki ◽  
Mayumi Katakawa ◽  
Kazutoshi Komatsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Wky Rats ◽  
Complement 3 ◽  
Salt Sensitive Hypertension ◽  
E Cadherin

We previously showed that complement 3 (C3) is highly expressed in mesenchymal tissues in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). We targeted C3 gene by zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) gene-editing technology and investigated blood pressure and phenotype in SHR. Blood pressure was measured by tail-cuff and telemetry methods. Histology and expression of liver X receptor α (LXRα), renin, Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5), and E-cadherin were evaluated in kidneys. Mesangial cells (MCs) were removed from glomeruli from three strains, and we evaluated the phenotype in vitro. SHR showed the salt-sensitive hypertension that was abolished in C3 knockout (KO) SHR. Proliferation of MCs from SHR was higher than that from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and showed a synthetic phenotype. Renal injury scores were higher in SHR than in WKY rats and C3 KO SHR. Expression of E-cadherin was lower, and expression of renin was higher in the nephrotubulus from SHR than WKY rats and C3 KO SHR. Expression of C3 α-chain protein and α-smooth muscle actin protein was significantly higher in renal medulla from SHR than from WKY rats. Expression of angiotensinogen, LXRα, renin, and KLF5 mRNA was increased in kidney from SHR compared with C3 KO SHR. Intrarenal angiotensin II levels were significantly higher in kidney from SHR than WKY rats and C3 KO SHR. Urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine excretions were significantly higher in SHR than in WKY rats and C3 KO SHR. These findings showed that increased C3 induces salt-sensitive hypertension with increases in urinary catecholamine excretion and intrarenal activation of the renin-angiotensin system by the dedifferentiation of mesenchymal tissues in kidney from SHR.

Modulation of blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin system in transgenic and spontaneously hypertensive rats after ovariectomy

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. S226???S227 ◽  
Author(s):  
J??rgen Bachmann ◽  
J??rgen Wagner ◽  
Christoph Haufe ◽  
Andrzej Wystrychowski ◽  
Antonin Ciechanowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Renin Angiotensin
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