The Role of Water-Based Exercise on Vertical Ground Reaction Forces in Overweight Children: A Pilot Study

The aquatic environment represents an adequate and safe alternative for children with overweight to exercise. However, the magnitude of the vertical ground reaction force (Fz) during these exercises is unknown in this population. Therefore, our study aimed to compare the Fz during the stationary running exercise between the aquatic and land environments in children with overweight or obesity. The study is characterized as a cross-over study. Seven children, two with overweight and five with obesity (4 boys and 3 girls; 9.7 ± 0.8 years), performed two experimental sessions, one on land and another in the aquatic environment. In both conditions, each participant performed 15 repetitions of the stationary running exercise at three different cadences (60, 80, and 100 b min−1) in a randomized order. Their apparent weight was reduced by 72.1 ± 10.4% on average at the xiphoid process depth. The peak Fz, impulse, and loading rate were lower in the aquatic environment than on land (p < 0.001). Peak Fz was also lower at 80 b min−1 compared to 100 b min−1 (p = 0.005) and loading rate was higher at 100 b min−1 compared to 80 b min−1 (p = 0.003) and 60 b min−1 (p < 0.001) in the aquatic environment, whereas impulse was significantly reduced (p < 0.001) with the increasing cadence in both environments. It can be concluded that the aquatic environment reduces all the Fz outcomes investigated during stationary running and that exercise intensity seems to influence all these outcomes in the aquatic environment.

Pengaruh Penambahan Core Stability Exercise Terhadap Peningkatan Kebugaran Jasmani A (Daya Tahan)pada Prajurit Militer Brigif 15 Kujang II Cimahi

Physical fitness is the body's ability to carry out physical activities without causing excessive fatigue. For a military soldier, physical fitness plays an important role in improving and maintaining the military body, in order to support the implementation of the main tasks of military soldiers. Physical fitness can be optimized, one of which is the core stability exercise. This study aims to analyze the effect of adding core stability exercise to increase physical fitness A (endurance) in military soldiers at Brigif 15 Kujang II Cimahi. A quasi-experimental study with a pre-post two group design approach consisting of an experimental group and a control group. With purposive sampling technique, 48 people were selected which were divided into two groups, namely the experimental group (n=24) and the control group (n=24). The experimental group was given a 12-minute running exercise program and core stability exercise while the control group was only given a 12-minute running exercise and data collection in the form of a 12-minute running test. There was a difference in the mean physical fitness score A between the experimental group (Mean= 40.33; SD= 3.54) and the control group (Mean= 44.17; SD= 6.72) before the intervention, and the difference was statistically significant (p= 0.017). There was a difference in physical fitness scores before and after the intervention between the experimental group (Mean= 4.38; SD= 1.41) and the control group (Mean= 2.42; SD= 2.04) and statistically significant (p<0.001), with effect size = 1.14. Core stability exercise is effective to increase the value of physical fitness A in Brigif 15 Kujang II Cimahi soldiers.

Exercise-Regulated Gene Differential Expression In The Hippocampal Region of C57BL/6J Mice Ameliorates Methamphetamine Dependence

Background: Methamphetamine (METH) is the highly addictive psychoactive drug which could harm to individual health and lead to great social problems. Various approaches have been adopted to address these problems, but relapse rates remain high. Recently, it has been found that comprehensive treatment combined with scientific and appropriate exercise intervention can improve mental state and physical fitness of drug addicts and promote their physical and mental rehabilitation. Long-term regular exercise improves the symptoms of METH withdrawal and reduce METH relapse. This study is to investigate the effects and regulated genes expression related to running exercise in METH addicted mice. Method: We used male C57BL/6J mice to construct METH addiction model and performed running exercise intervention, conditional place preference (CPP) was used to measure the effects of running intervention on METH addict mice. RNA sequencing(RNA-seq) and transcriptome analysis was performed on mice hippocampus, functions and differential expressed genes (DEGs) significantly regulated by exercise intervention in METH addict mice were analysed and noted.Results: The results showed that days of CPP preference was shortened to day 3 in METH addict mice given moderate exercise intervention, compared to preference to day 6 in METH addict mice without exercise. In addition, hippocampal transcriptome analysis revealed 12 DEGs significantly regulated by exercise intervention. By performing Gene ontology and KEGG analysis, function of immune responses was significant enriched in METH addiction mice with exercise. The expression of 12 differential expressed genes was verified by qRT-PCR, which showed that relative mRNA expression of DEGs was consistent with the RNA sequencing results.Conclusion: Running intervention can promote the recovery of METH addiction in mice, and the 12 candidate DEGs from mice hippocampus could use for further research on regulation mechanisms of exercise in METH addiction mice.

Exercise rather than fluoxetine promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in the hippocampus in a male mouse model of depression

Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) systems have been meaningfully linked to the clinical phenomena of mood disorders, 15–35% of patients do not respond to multiple SSRI interventions or even experience an exacerbation of their condition. As we previously showed, both running exercise and fluoxetine reversed depression-like behavior. However, whether exercise reverses depression-like behavior more quickly than fluoxetine treatment and whether this rapid effect is achieved via the promotion of oligodendrocyte differentiation and/or myelination in the hippocampus was previously unknown. Sixty male C57BL/6 J mice were used in the present study. We subjected mice with unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) to a 4-week running exercise trial (UCS + RN) or intraperitoneally injected them with fluoxetine (UCS + FLX) to address these uncertainties. At the behavioral level, mice in the UCS + RN group consumed significantly more sugar water in the sucrose preference test (SPT) at the end of the 7th week than those in the UCS group, while those in the UCS + FLX group consumed significantly more sugar water than mice in the UCS group at the end of the 8th week. The unbiased stereological results and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that running exercise, and not fluoxetine treatment, increased the numbers of CC1+ and CC1+/Olig2+/BrdU+ oligodendrocytes in the CA1 subfield in depressed mice exposed to UCS. Moreover, running exercise rather than fluoxetine increased the level of myelin basic protein (MBP) and the G-ratio of myelinated nerve fibers in the CA1 subfield in the UCS mouse model. Unlike fluoxetine, exercise promoted hippocampal myelination and oligodendrocyte differentiation and thus has potential as a therapeutic strategy to reduce depression-like behaviors induced by UCS.

Effects of Increased Central Cholinergic Activity on the Metabolic Challenge Induced by Submaximal Exercise in Rats: Adrenomedullary Secretion Influences

<b><i>Aim:</i></b> The aim of this study was to assess the influence of adrenomedullary secretion on the plasma glucose, lactate, and free fatty acids (FFAs) during running exercise in rats submitted to intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of physostigmine (PHY). PHY i.c.v. was used to activate the central cholinergic system. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Wistar rats were divided into sham-saline (sham-SAL), sham-PHY, adrenal medullectomy-SAL, and ADM-PHY groups. The plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, and FFAs were determined immediately before and after i.c.v. injection of 20 μL of SAL or PHY at rest and during running exercise on a treadmill. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The i.c.v. injection of PHY at rest increased plasma glucose in the sham group, but not in the ADM group. An increase in plasma glucose, lactate, and FFAs mobilization from adipose tissue was observed during physical exercise in the sham-SAL group; however, the increase in plasma glucose was greater with i.c.v. PHY. Moreover, the hyperglycemia induced by exercise and PHY in the ADM group were blunted by ADM, whereas FFA mobilization was unaffected. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> These results indicate that there is a dual metabolic control by which activation of the central cholinergic pathway increases plasma glucose but not FFA during rest and exercise, and that this hyperglycemic response is dependent on adrenomedullary secretion.

Social Capital and Running: A Network Social Capital Perspective

This study examines the measurement of position generators as a proxy of network social capital (NSC) and its influence on the extensity and upper reachability of social capital and sport/running participation. An analysis of 373 runners shows that running exercise participants rely on diverse relations to access and increase their social capital levels; stronger ties with the accessed occupations via running activities can help reach people with higher occupational prestige; access to more intermediate class occupations is significantly positively associated with upper reachability, whereas access to more working class occupations is significantly negatively associated with upper reachability; those who are older and have strong ties with people in accessed occupations known via running activities have higher levels of sport/running participation. We provide evidence for the application of NSC theory in sport to better understand how social networks operate by accessing extensity and upper reachability of social capital and how NSC influences sport (running) participation.