Effects of Distance on the Visual Reception of Speech

1971 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 848-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman P. Erber
Keyword(s):  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Deaf Children ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Phoneme Recognition ◽  
Vowel Identification ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Visual Reception ◽  
Stress Patterns

Two talkers with normal hearing and speech presented with voice 240 common nouns (80 monosyllables, 80 trochees, 80 spondees) to six profoundly deaf children whose task was to lipread without acoustic cues at distances from 5-100 ft. Under bright, shadow-free illumination, lipreading performance diminished from 75% correct at 5 ft to 11% correct at 100 ft. Scores varied with distance similarly for both talkers. The stress patterns of the stimulus words influenced their intelligibility, with scores decreasing from spondees to trochees to monosyllables. In a supplementary study, one talker presented two tests of phoneme recognition to the same six deaf children whose task was to lipread from 5, 20, or 70 ft. Identification of consonants in VCV context depended on their place of articulation (front superior to back) and on the surrounding vowel (/a–a/ superior to /i–i/ or /u–u/). Vowel-identification scores were less dependent on distance than were consonant-identification scores. In general, tense (stressed) vowels were more easily identified in /b/-V-/b/ context than were lax (unstressed) vowels.

Auditory, Visual, and Auditory-Visual Recognition of Consonants by Children with Normal and Impaired Hearing

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman P. Erber
Keyword(s):  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Deaf Children ◽  
Impaired Hearing ◽  
Acoustic Information ◽  
Hearing Children ◽  
Visual Reception ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Better Than

The consonants /b, d, g, k, m, n, p, t/ were presented to normal-hearing, severely hearing-impaired, and profoundly deaf children through auditory, visual, and combined auditory-visual modalities. Through lipreading alone, all three groups were able to discriminate between the places of articulation (bilabial, alveolar, velar) but not within each place category. When they received acoustic information only, normal-hearing children recognized the consonants nearly perfectly, and severely hearing-impaired children distinguished accurately between voiceless plosives, voiced plosives, and nasal consonants. However, the scores of the profoundly deaf group were low, and they perceived even voicing and nasality cues unreliably. Although both the normal-hearing and the severely hearing-impaired groups achieved nearly perfect recognition scores through simultaneous auditory-visual reception, the performance of the profoundly deaf children was only slightly better than that which they demonstrated through lipreading alone.

Residual Hearing and Speech Production in Deaf Children

1975 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarissa R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Deaf Children ◽  
Residual Hearing ◽  
Phoneme Recognition ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Hearing Parents ◽  
Sizable Proportion ◽  
Manner Of Articulation ◽  
Production Errors

Residual hearing, phoneme recognition, speech production errors, and selected background variables were examined in 40 congenitally deaf children of normal intelligence who had no apparent anomalies other than deafness, in an effort to identify factors most closely associated with speech intelligibility. Mean intelligibility of the recorded speech of the children, to inexperienced listeners, was 18.7%, corresponding closely with results of previous studies. Scores on the total and some portions of the phoneme recognition test showed significant correlations with both phoneme production and speech intelligibility. The correlation between phoneme production errors and intelligibility was −0.80. A sizable proportion of the dispersion could be accounted for by certain prosodic errors, such as those resulting from improper phonatory control. Errors of place of articulation and voicing remained in essentially the same proportion for all speakers. Errors of manner and combined place and manner of articulation showed a slight systematic decrease from the poorest to the best speakers. Omissions decreased sharply, but not systematically. Vowel errors showed the most marked and systematic decrease as intelligibility improved. Children of deaf parents were poorer in phoneme recognition and in speech intelligibility than children with comparable residual hearing but with hearing parents.

scholarly journals Rapid learning of minimally different words in five- to six-year-old children: effects of acoustic salience and hearing impairment

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCEL R. GIEZEN ◽  
PAOLA ESCUDERO ◽  
ANNE E. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implant ◽  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Deaf Children ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Object Matching ◽  
Rapid Learning ◽  
Minimal Pairs

AbstractThis study investigates the role of acoustic salience and hearing impairment in learning phonologically minimal pairs. Picture-matching and object-matching tasks were used to investigate the learning of consonant and vowel minimal pairs in five- to six-year-old deaf children with a cochlear implant (CI), and children of the same age with normal hearing (NH). In both tasks, the CI children showed clear difficulties with learning minimal pairs. The NH children also showed some difficulties, however, particularly in the picture-matching task. Vowel minimal pairs were learned more successfully than consonant minimal pairs, particularly in the object-matching task. These results suggest that the ability to encode phonetic detail in novel words is not fully developed at age six and is affected by task demands and acoustic salience. CI children experience persistent difficulties with accurately mapping sound contrasts to novel meanings, but seem to benefit from the relative acoustic salience of vowel sounds.

Second Formant Transitions of Selected Consonant-Vowel Combinations in the Speech of Deaf and Normal-Hearing Children

1976 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall B. Monsen
Keyword(s):  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Target Frequency ◽  
Second Formant ◽  
Hearing Children

Although it is well known that the speech produced by the deaf is generally of low intelligibility, the sources of this low speech intelligibility have generally been ascribed either to aberrant articulation of phonemes or inappropriate prosody. This study was designed to determine to what extent a nonsegmental aspect of speech, formant transitions, may differ in the speech of the deaf and of the normal hearing. The initial second formant transitions of the vowels /i/ and /u/ after labial and alveolar consonants (/b, d, f/) were compared in the speech of six normal-hearing and six hearing-impaired adolescents. In the speech of the hearing-impaired subjects, the second formant transitions may be reduced both in time and in frequency. At its onset, the second formant may be nearer to its eventual target frequency than in the speech of the normal subjects. Since formant transitions are important acoustic cues for the adjacent consonants, reduced F 2 transitions may be an important factor in the low intelligibility of the speech of the deaf.

scholarly journals Initial laryngeal neutralisation in Tyrolean

Phonology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Vietti ◽  
Birgit Alber ◽  
Barbara Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Acoustic Parameters ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Closure Duration

In the Southern Bavarian variety of Tyrolean, laryngeal contrasts undergo a typologically interesting process of neutralisation in word-initial position. We undertake an acoustic analysis of Tyrolean stops in word-initial, word-medial intersonorant and word-final contexts, as well as in obstruent clusters, investigating the role of the acoustic parameters VOT, prevoicing, closure duration and F0 and H1–H2* on following vowels in implementing contrast, if any. Results show that stops contrast word-medially via [voice] (supported by the acoustic cues of closure duration and F0), and are neutralised completely in word-final position and in obstruent clusters. Word-initially, neutralisation is subject to inter- and intraspeaker variability, and is sensitive to place of articulation. Aspiration plays no role in implementing laryngeal contrasts in Tyrolean.

Role of Fundamental Frequency Differences in the Perceptual Separation of Competing Vowel Sounds by Listeners With Normal Hearing and Listeners With Hearing Loss

1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1434-1444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Hoberg Arehart ◽  
Catherine Arriaga King ◽  
Kelly S. McLean-Mudgett
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Vowel Identification ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Perceptual Separation

This study compared the ability of listeners with normal hearing and listeners with moderate to moderately-severe sensorineural hearing loss to use fundamental frequency differences (ΔF 0 ) in the identification of monotically presented simultaneous vowels. Two psychophysical procedures, double vowel identification and masked vowel identification, were used to measure identification performance as a function of ΔF 0 (0 through 8 semitones) between simultaneous vowels. Performance in the double vowel identification task was measured by the percentage of trials in which listeners correctly identified both vowels in a double vowel. The masked vowel identification task yielded thresholds representing signal-to-noise ratios at which listeners could just identify target vowels in the presence of a masking vowel. In the double vowel identification task, both listeners with normal hearing and listeners with hearing loss showed significant ΔF 0 benefit: Between 0 and 2 semitones, listeners with normal hearing showed an 18.5% average increase in performance; listeners with hearing loss showed a 16.5% average increase. In the masked vowel identification task, both groups showed significant ΔF 0 benefit. However, the mean benefit associated with ΔF 0 differences in the masked vowel task was more than twice as large in listeners with normal hearing 9.4 dB) when compared to listeners with hearing loss (4.4 dB), suggesting less ΔF 0 benefit in listeners with hearing loss. In both tasks, overall performance of listeners with hearing loss was significantly worse than performance of listeners with normal hearing. Possible reasons for reduced ΔF 0 benefit and decreased overall performance in listeners with hearing loss include reduced audibility of vowel sounds and deficits in spectro-temporal processing.

Some Phonological Characteristics of the Speech of Normal-Hearing Children of Deaf Parents

1985 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi B. Schiff-Myers ◽  
Harriet B. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Deaf Parents ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Hearing Children ◽  
Speech Model ◽  
Stress Patterns ◽  
Normal Speaking

Articulation and stress patterns of 5 hearing children of deaf parents were studied. The children's phonological processes were compared with those of children from normal-speaking homes and with those of their deaf mothers to identify similarities and differences. The phonological processes used most frequently by these children were those that have been identified as common processes among children from hearing homes. None of the children adopted, with any frequency, the less typical productions found in their mother's speech. This was also true for one of the children who was observed to produce articulation and stress patterns resembling "deaf" speech. Possible factors relating to the children's adoption of the standard speech model rather than deaf speech are discussed.

The influence of talker differences on vowel identification by normal‐hearing and hearing‐impaired listeners

1992 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 1228-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K. Nábělek ◽  
Zbigniew Czyzewski ◽  
Lata A. Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Vowel Identification

scholarly journals The neural encoding of formant frequencies contributing to vowel identification in normal-hearing listeners

2016 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Ho Won ◽  
Kelly Tremblay ◽  
Christopher G. Clinard ◽  
Richard A. Wright ◽  
Elad Sagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Neural Encoding ◽  
Vowel Identification ◽  
Formant Frequencies
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