A review of functional and structural neuroimaging studies to investigate the inner speech model of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia

Although the pathophysiology of auditory verbal hallucinations remains uncertain, the inner speech model remains a prominent theory. A systematic review and meta-analyses of both functional and structural neuroimaging studies were performed to investigate the inner speech model. Of the 417 papers retrieved, 26 met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses found the left insula to be significantly active during auditory verbal hallucinations and to have a significantly reduced grey matter volume in hallucinators. Dysfunction of the left insula may contribute to the misattribution of inner speech due to its suggested roles in both inner speech production and the salience network. No significant activity was found at Broca’s area or Heschl’s gyrus during auditory verbal hallucinations. Furthermore, no structural abnormalities were found at these sites or in the arcuate fasciculi. Overall, evidence was found to both support and oppose the inner speech model. Further research should particularly include a systematic review of task-based trait studies with a focus on inner speech production and self-referential processing, and analyses of additional language-related white matter tracts.

“Fake” Phenomenon in the System of Types of Linguistic Manipulation

The article is devoted to the definition of the linguistic status of the “fake” phenomenon, the study of the sources of its destructiveness as one of the types of linguistic manipulation. The work examines speech models of argumentation, persuasion, communicative pressure and fake in order to establish a number of their differential and integral features, to distinguish fake from related linguistic phenomena. The material for the study is represented by the web pages of print and online media of various levels and formats, blogs operating within the framework of public discourse. The basis for the analysis is an approach taken to distinguish between linguistic and rhetorical norms, according to which the argumentation should be considered as a correct non-rhetorical type of persuasion. In turn, as rhetorical types of persuasion, one should consider conviction, which is realized as a correct rhetorical influence, communicative pressure and fake, which are incorrect (destructive) rhetorical types of linguistic manipulation. Analysis of the components of the speech model of these linguistic phenomena and the establishment of the sources of their destructiveness makes it possible to more clearly determine fake as a separate type of linguistic manipulation. It is concluded that fake differs from argumentation by the presence of pathos in the structure of the speech model of persuasion; from argumentation and persuasion - by the implicit nature of the intention and destructive communicative orientation. Fake should also be distinguished from communicative pressure, based on the following principles: fake is unreliable false information, as well as an implicit form of intention; communicative pressure is an excess of the permissible norms of morality and ethics of a measure of influence, as well as an explicit form of intention.

Pemanfaatan Kajian Tuturan Pemanduan Wisata Kopi-Kakao dalam Pembelajaran Keterampilan Berbicara

<em>This study describes the use of tour guide discourse on speaking learning in formal forums. This is a descriptive research (qualitative). The research data were obtained by recording direct speech, speaking skills test to Indonesian MKWU students, University of Jember in 2021, even semester. Data analysis was performed with descriptions, interpretations, and explanations. The results showed a rhetorical pattern of the guidance discourse of coffee-cocoa educational tours that can be applied in speaking learning, namely (1) speech descriptions, (2) calcification analysis, (3) complex procedures analysis, (4) contexts evaluation or phenomena. The four patterns were applied in text-based learning syntax at the core of learning. Through text studies, students obtained a complete speech model in conveying information. This was confirmed by the evaluation results of good category (that meets 3 indicators) on all aspects.</em>

Model Pertuturan Anak Down Syndrome SMA Luar Biasa Dian Grahita Jakarta: Kajian Pragmatik

This study aimed to identify and describe the speech model for children with down syndrome in Dian Grahita Special High School Jakarta with a pragmatic study. This research is qualitative. The subjects in this study were Dian Grahita Special High School students in Central Jakarta. The results of the research include: (a) representative speech by stating, agreeing, mentioning, showing, admitting, reporting; (b) commissive speech to agree, threatening: (c) directive speech ordering, inviting, warning, requesting, ordering; (d) expressive speech to criticize, apologize, complaining, thanking; and (e) declarative speech to prohibit. According to Searle, this study found 55 groups of speech acts with 87 variants of speech acts from the five major groups of speech acts. The percentage of speech acts data for children with Down syndrome is as follows. Representative utterances are 54 utterances or equivalent to 62%, commissive utterances are 4 utterances or equivalent to 5%, directive utterances are 21 utterances or equivalent to 24%, expressive utterances are 7 utterances or equivalent to 8%, and declarative utterances are 1 utterance or the equivalent of 1%. Students understand the communication conveyed by the teacher in classroom learning even though they express it only with short answers, including lingual markers, yes, no, okay, sorry, beware, already, not yet.

OTHERNESS PROBE IN RELIGIOUS TRANSLATION DAWAH (PREACHING OF ISLAM) TEXT/ SPEECH MODEL

Religions constitute an integral part of the human life. They are similar to divine laws as they govern and regulate people’s relations under divine supervision. Whatever were the religions, beliefs, conviction of each cult and faith, whoever also thinks being alone on a straight path, or even from the principle of humanity that urges a person to fear his brother; many people, specialized or not, seek to call for their religion (considering as salvation) in order to make known of it or to correct mistaken concepts about it, etc… Since translation is among the most important means that facilitate communication between people, whether translation of books, articles, films or programs; it plays a significant role in making known of different religions, thoughts and beliefs. There is no doubt that religious translation is somehow dangerous unless the translator gets rid of his religious background because of the delicateness of the field. Throughout this study, we aim to answer the following problematic: How can a translator transmit any religious background without infringing the belief of the other? We are going to speak about translation of Preaching of Islam text / speech between alter and ego, about its problems, and suggest solutions. Since this topic is delicate, we chose to study episodes a religious program on a YouTube channel of a famous Arab preacher (Daaiah) designated mainly to disbelievers and our translation into English as a model because the receiver himself is looking for consulting the religion of the other without any pressure or commitment.

Artificial Generation of Realistic Voices

In this paper, we propose an end-to-end text-to-speech system deployment wherein a user feeds input text data which gets synthesized, variated, and altered into artificial voice at the output end. To create a text-to-speech model, that is, a model capable of generating speech with the help of trained datasets. It follows a process which organizes the entire function to present the output sequence in three parts. These three parts are Speaker Encoder, Synthesizer, and Vocoder. Subsequently, using datasets, the model accomplishes generation of voice with prior training and maintains the naturalness of speech throughout. For naturalness of speech we implement a zero-shot adaption technique. The primary capability of the model is to provide the ability of regeneration of voice, which has a variety of applications in the advancement of the domain of speech synthesis. With the help of speaker encoder, our model synthesizes user generated voice if the user wants the output trained on his/her voice which is feeded through the mic, present in GUI. Regeneration capabilities lie within the domain Voice Regeneration which generates similar voice waveforms for any text.