Fission yeast homologues of the B′ subunit of protein phosphatase 2A: multiple roles in mitotic cell division and functional interaction with calcineurin

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 455-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Tanabe ◽  
Dai Hirata ◽  
Hirofumi Usui ◽  
Yasumasa Nishito ◽  
Tokichi Miyakawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Fission Yeast ◽  
Protein Phosphatase ◽  
Protein Phosphatase 2A ◽  
Mitotic Cell ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Functional Interaction ◽  
Mitotic Cell Division ◽  
B Subunit ◽  
Phosphatase 2A

scholarly journals Constant expression and activity of protein phosphatase 2A in synchronized cells.

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 4282-4285 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Ruediger ◽  
J E Van Wart Hood ◽  
M Mumby ◽  
G Walter
Keyword(s):  
Protein Phosphatase ◽  
Protein Phosphatase 2A ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Quantitative Comparison ◽  
Resting Cells ◽  
Constant Amount ◽  
Total Cellular Protein ◽  
B Subunit ◽  
Phosphatase 2A ◽  
Constant Expression

The levels of the A, B, and C subunits of protein phosphatase 2A in extracts from synchronized embryonic bovine tracheal cells were determined by immunoblotting with subunit-specific antibodies. A constant amount of each subunit was found in resting cells as well as in growing cells from all stages of the cell cycle. The phosphatase activity of protein phosphatase 2A was also constant. A quantitative comparison showed that the A and C subunits were present in similar amounts, whereas the B subunit was present at a significantly lower level. Together, the A, B, and C subunits represented approximately 0.2% of the total cellular protein.

scholarly journals Cdc55p-Mediated E4orf4 Growth Inhibition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Is Mediated Only in Part via the Catalytic Subunit of Protein Phosphatase 2A

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (7) ◽  
pp. 3612-3623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yikun Li ◽  
Huijun Wei ◽  
Tung-Chin Hsieh ◽  
David C. Pallas
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Protein Phosphatase ◽  
Protein Phosphatase 2A ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Regulatory Subunit ◽  
Stable Complex ◽  
B Subunit ◽  
C Subunit ◽  
Phosphatase 2A

ABSTRACT The adenovirus early region 4 open reading frame 4 (E4orf4) protein specifically induces p53-independent cell death of transformed but not normal human cells, suggesting that elucidation of its mechanism may provide important new avenues for cancer therapy. Wild-type E4orf4 and mutants that retain cancer cell toxicity also induce growth inhibition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which provides a genetically tractable system for studying E4orf4 function. Interaction with the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) B regulatory subunit is required for E4orf4's effects, suggesting that E4orf4 may function by regulating B subunit-containing heterotrimeric PP2A holoenzymes (PP2ABAC), which consist of a B subunit complexed with the PP2A structural (A) and catalytic (C) subunits. However, it is not known whether E4orf4-induced growth inhibition requires interaction with the PP2A C subunit or whether E4orf4 might have PP2A B subunit-dependent effects that are independent of PP2ABAC holoenzyme formation. To test these possibilities in S. cerevisiae, we disrupted the stable formation of PP2ABAC heterotrimers and thus E4orf4/C subunit association by PP2A C subunit point mutations or by deletion of the gene for the PP2A methyltransferase, Ppm1p, and assayed for effects on E4orf4-induced growth inhibition. Our results support a model in which E4orf4 mediates growth inhibition and cell killing both through PP2ABAC heterotrimers and through a B regulatory subunit-dependent pathway(s) that is independent of stable complex formation with the PP2A C subunit. They also indicate that Ppm1p has a function other than regulating the assembly of PP2A heterotrimers and suggest that selective PP2A trimer inhibitors and PP6 inhibitors may be useful as adjuvant anticancer therapies.

scholarly journals Different oligomeric forms of protein phosphatase 2A activate and inhibit simian virus 40 DNA replication

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 4616-4623
Author(s):  
A Cegielska ◽  
S Shaffer ◽  
R Derua ◽  
J Goris ◽  
D M Virshup
Keyword(s):  
Dna Replication ◽  
Protein Phosphatase ◽  
Protein Phosphatase 2A ◽  
Simian Virus 40 ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
Catalytic Subunit ◽  
B Subunit ◽  
Phosphatase 2A ◽  
Sv40 Dna

The ability of simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen to catalyze the initiation of viral DNA replication is regulated by its phosphorylation state. Previous studies have identified the free catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Ac) as the cellular phosphatase which can remove inhibitory phosphoryl groups from serines 120 and 123. The catalytic C subunit exists in the cell complexed with a 65-kDa A subunit and one of several B subunits. To determine if any of the holoenzymes could activate T antigen, we tested the ability of the heterodimeric AC and two heterotrimeric ABC forms to stimulate T-antigen function in unwinding the origin of SV40 DNA replication. Only free catalytic subunit C and the heterotrimeric form with a 72-kDa B subunit (PP2A-T72) could stimulate T-antigen-dependent origin unwinding. Both the dimeric form (PP2A-D) and the heterotrimer with a 55-kDa B subunit (PP2A-T55) actively inhibited T-antigen function. We found that PP2A-T72 activated T antigen by dephosphorylating serines 120 and 123, while PP2A-D and PP2A-T55 inactivated T antigen by dephosphorylating the p34cdc2 target site, threonine 124. Thus, alterations in the subunit composition of PP2A holoenzymes have significant functional consequences for the initiation of in vitro SV40 DNA replication. The regulatory B subunits of PP2A may play a role in regulating SV40 DNA replication in infected cells as well.

Constant expression and activity of protein phosphatase 2A in synchronized cells

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 4282-4285
Author(s):  
R Ruediger ◽  
J E Van Wart Hood ◽  
M Mumby ◽  
G Walter
Keyword(s):  
Protein Phosphatase ◽  
Protein Phosphatase 2A ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Quantitative Comparison ◽  
Resting Cells ◽  
Constant Amount ◽  
Total Cellular Protein ◽  
B Subunit ◽  
Phosphatase 2A ◽  
Constant Expression

The levels of the A, B, and C subunits of protein phosphatase 2A in extracts from synchronized embryonic bovine tracheal cells were determined by immunoblotting with subunit-specific antibodies. A constant amount of each subunit was found in resting cells as well as in growing cells from all stages of the cell cycle. The phosphatase activity of protein phosphatase 2A was also constant. A quantitative comparison showed that the A and C subunits were present in similar amounts, whereas the B subunit was present at a significantly lower level. Together, the A, B, and C subunits represented approximately 0.2% of the total cellular protein.

scholarly journals Restricted Protein Phosphatase 2A Targeting by Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Small T Antigen

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 4191-4200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Jin Kwun ◽  
Masahiro Shuda ◽  
Carlos J. Camacho ◽  
Armin M. Gamper ◽  
Mamie Thant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Phosphatase ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Protein Phosphatase 2A ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
Merkel Cell Polyomavirus ◽  
Molecular Surface ◽  
Merkel Cell ◽  
B Subunit ◽  
Phosphatase 2A

ABSTRACTMerkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) is a newly discovered human cancer virus encoding a small T (sT) oncoprotein. We performed MCV sT FLAG-affinity purification followed by mass spectroscopy (MS) analysis, which identified several protein phosphatases (PP), including PP2A A and C subunits and PP4C, as potential cellular interacting proteins. PP2A targeting is critical for the transforming properties of nonhuman polyomaviruses, such as simian virus 40 (SV40), but is not required for MCV sT-induced rodent cell transformation. We compared similarities and differences in PP2A binding between MCV and SV40 sT. While SV40 sT coimmunopurified with subunits PP2A Aα and PP2A C, MCV sT coimmunopurified with PP2A Aα, PP2A Aβ, and PP2A C. Scanning alanine mutagenesis at 29 sites across the MCV sT protein revealed that PP2A-binding domains lie on the opposite molecular surface from a previously described large T stabilization domain (LSD) loop that binds E3 ligases, such as Fbw7. MCV sT-PP2A interactions can be functionally distinguished by mutagenesis from MCV sT LSD-dependent 4E-BP1 hyperphosphorylation and viral DNA replication enhancement. MCV sT has a restricted range for PP2A B subunit substitution, inhibiting only the assembly of B56α into the phosphatase holoenzyme. In contrast, SV40 sT inhibits the assembly of B55α, B56α and B56ε into PP2A. We conclude that MCV sT is required for Merkel cell carcinoma growth, but itsin vitrotransforming activity depends on LSD interactions rather than PP2A targeting.IMPORTANCEMerkel cell polyomavirus is a newly discovered human cancer virus that promotes cancer, in part, through expression of its small T (sT) oncoprotein. Animal polyomavirus sT oncoproteins have been found to cause experimental tumors by blocking the activities of a group of phosphatases called protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Our structural analysis reveals that MCV sT also displaces the B subunit of PP2A to inhibit PP2A activity. MCV sT, however, only displaces a restricted subset of PP2A B subunits, which is insufficient to cause tumor cell formationin vitro. MCV sT instead transforms tumor cells through another region called the large T stabilization domain. The PP2A targeting and transforming activities lie on opposite faces of the MCV sT molecule and can be genetically separated from each other.

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