Phylogenetic analysis of the microbial populations in the wild herbivore gastrointestinal tract: insights into an unexplored niche

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 1212-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E. Nelson ◽  
Stephen H. Zinder ◽  
Ioana Hance ◽  
Patrick Burr ◽  
David Odongo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
In The Wild

Transplastron Enterocentesis to Manage Buoyancy Disorder in an Adult Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany L Liguori ◽  
MAXIMILIAN POLYAK ◽  
Samantha A Clark ◽  
Ashley N Sabater ◽  
Taylor B Clasen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Medical Therapy ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Caretta Caretta ◽  
Sea Turtle ◽  
Loggerhead Sea Turtle ◽  
Gas Accumulation ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Patient Size

Buoyancy disorder in sea turtles is a common condition that contributes to increased morbidity and mortality in the wild and because of this, is often encountered in rehabilitation facilities. The pathological gas accumulation that is a sequelae of this disorder can create challenges in treatment of this disease, especially when concurrent systemic disease is present. These challenges increase with patient size, as anatomy and location of pathology makes gas evacuation more difficult utilizing conventional methods when medical therapy alone is unsuccessful. This report discusses a novel technique utilizing ultrasonic-guided transplastron enterocentesis of the proximal gastrointestinal tract in an adult loggerhead sea turtle ( Caretta caretta ) with suspected intestinal obstruction. The sea turtle presented with positive buoyancy and routine workup revealed gas accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as concurrent pneumonia. Medical therapy alone did not diminish the positive buoyancy or gastrointestinal distension. Ultrasonic-guided transplastron enterocentesis was performed via the connective tissue lateral to the 3rd inframarginal scute while the turtle was positioned with its left side raised, allowing any gas-filled intestine to be positioned laterally. Approximately 10.3 L of gas were evacuated from the proximal gastrointestinal lumen and within 15 mins, the turtle was neutrally buoyant. It continued to exhibit normal surfacing, diving, and resting behavior. The turtle was released 111 days after enterocentesis in order to allow treatment of the concurrent pneumonia. The technique discussed in this report has implications for improving treatment of buoyancy disorder in large adult sea turtles and increasing likelihood of release.

scholarly journals Evolution of gastrointestinal tract morphology and plasticity in cave-adapted Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misty R. Riddle ◽  
Fleur Damen ◽  
Ariel Aspiras ◽  
Julius A. Tabin ◽  
Suzanne McGaugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Mapping Population ◽  
System Function ◽  
Gut Morphology ◽  
Genetic Pathways ◽  
Astyanax Mexicanus ◽  
Quantitative Genetic ◽  
Immune System Function ◽  
In The Wild

AbstractThe gastrointestinal tract has evolved in numerous ways to allow animals to optimally assimilate energy from different foods. The morphology and physiology of the gut is plastic and can be greatly altered by diet in some animals. In this study, we investigated the evolution and plasticity of gastrointestinal tract morphology by comparing laboratory-raised cave- and river-adapted forms of the Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, reared under different dietary conditions. In the wild, river-dwelling populations (surface fish) consume plants and insects throughout the year, while cave-dwelling populations (cavefish) live in a perpetually dark environment and depend on nutrient-poor food brought in by bats or seasonal floods. We found that multiple cave populations converged on a reduced number of digestive appendages called pyloric caeca and that some cave populations have a lengthened gut while others have a shortened gut. Moreover, we identified differences in how gut morphology and proliferation respond to diet between surface fish and cavefish. Using a combination of quantitative genetic mapping, population genetics, and RNA sequencing, we found that changes to the molecular and genetic pathways that influence cell proliferation, differentiation, and immune system function may underlie evolution of the cavefish gut.

scholarly journals Sexual selection drives speciation in an Amazonian frog

2006 ◽  
Vol 274 (1608) ◽  
pp. 399-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn E Boul ◽  
W Chris Funk ◽  
Catherine R Darst ◽  
David C Cannatella ◽  
Michael J Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Geographical Distance ◽  
Incipient Speciation ◽  
Female Preferences ◽  
Mating Calls ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Male Signals ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

One proposed mechanism of speciation is divergent sexual selection, whereby divergence in female preferences and male signals results in behavioural isolation. Despite the appeal of this hypothesis, evidence for it remains inconclusive. Here, we present several lines of evidence that sexual selection is driving behavioural isolation and speciation among populations of an Amazonian frog ( Physalaemus petersi ). First, sexual selection has promoted divergence in male mating calls and female preferences for calls between neighbouring populations, resulting in strong behavioural isolation. Second, phylogenetic analysis indicates that populations have become fixed for alternative call types several times throughout the species' range, and coalescent analysis rejects genetic drift as a cause for this pattern, suggesting that this divergence is due to selection. Finally, gene flow estimated with microsatellite loci is an average of 30 times lower between populations with different call types than between populations separated by a similar geographical distance with the same call type, demonstrating genetic divergence and incipient speciation. Taken together, these data provide strong evidence that sexual selection is driving behavioural isolation and speciation, supporting sexual selection as a cause for speciation in the wild.

Cloning, phylogenetic analysis, and postnatal expression of oligopeptide transporter PepT1 in gastrointestinal tract of kid goats receiving supplemental feed or pasture

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-614
Author(s):  
Tao Ran ◽  
Hengzhi Li ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
Chuanshe Zhou ◽  
Zhixiong He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Peptide Transport ◽  
Supplemental Feeding ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Oligopeptide Transporter ◽  
Supplemental Feed ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Expression Site ◽  
Independent Effects

This study aimed to clone the cDNA of PepT1, an H+-dependent oligopeptide transporter, from kid goats and examine effects of physiological development (suckling, weaning, and post-weaning) of the animal and feeding system (supplemental feeding vs. grazing) on peptide transport capability. A 2395 bp cDNA sequence of pept1 (GenBank: MH308024) was cloned and phylogenetic analysis revealed a high homology and structure similarity with PepT1 of sheep and cattle. The pept1 was expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract of kid goats immediately after birth and during development. Relative abundance of pept1 decreased in all segments except the middle-jejunum during suckling, whereas its expression in most segments of small intestine increased with age after weaning and remained stable thereafter. Middle-jejunum was the predominant expression site and probably the main peptide absorption site. Supplemental feeding enhanced pept1 expression because it increased protein intake compared with grazing. No feeding system × age interaction was observed in most segments; the expression was age related during suckling and diet related during weaning and post-weaning, indicating that feeding system and age had independent effects on pept1 expression. These results indicate that PepT1 plays an important role for protein nutrition in neonatal goats, and its expression can be affected by feeding system.

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