Pericranial Muscle Tenderness and Exteroceptive Suppression of Temporalis Muscle Activity: A Blind Study of Chronic Tension-Type Headache

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 368-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gay L. Lipchik ◽  
Kenneth A. Holroyd ◽  
France Talbot ◽  
Michelle Greer
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Tension Type Headache ◽  
Blind Study ◽  
Temporalis Muscle ◽  
Chronic Tension Type Headache ◽  
Exteroceptive Suppression ◽  
Muscle Tenderness ◽  
Type Headache

Exteroceptive Suppression of Temporal Muscle Activity is Normal in Chronic Tension-Type Headache and Not Related To Actual Headache State

Cephalalgia ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Bendtsen ◽  
R Jensen ◽  
J Brennum ◽  
L Arerndt-Nielser ◽  
J Olesen
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Tension Type Headache ◽  
Temporalis Muscle ◽  
Temporal Muscle ◽  
Chronic Tension Type Headache ◽  
Exteroceptive Suppression ◽  
Blinded Observer ◽  
Muscle Tenderness ◽  
Type Headache

The aim of the present study was to compare the late exteroceptive suppression period (ES2) of temporalis muscle activity between patients with chronic tension-type headache and healthy controls, and to investigate the influence, if any, of actual headache on ES2. ES2 was recorded in 55 patients and in 55 controls with a previously evaluated methodology and analysed by a blinded observer. The first 20 patients were randomly studied on 2 additional days, 1 day with and 1 day without headache. The duration of ES2 did not differ between patients and controls and did not differ on days with headache compared with days without headache. ES2 duration was not related to the frequency of headache, headache intensity, age, pericranial muscle tenderness or electrical pain threshold. Our results strongly indicate that ES2 is normal in chronic tension-type headache and therefore may not be related to the pathophysiology of this disorder.

Exteroceptive Suppression of Temporalis Muscle Activity: Findings in Headache

Cephalalgia ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas-Martin Wallasch ◽  
Hartmut Göbel
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Silent Period ◽  
Tension Type Headache ◽  
Temporalis Muscle ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Chronic Tension Type Headache ◽  
Exteroceptive Suppression ◽  
Headache Diagnosis ◽  
Secondary Phenomenon ◽  
Type Headache

Exteroceptive suppression of temporalis muscle activity was proposed by Schoenen and co-workers in 1987 as a tool in headache diagnosis and research. Their finding of a decreased or abolished second silent period (ES2) in chronic tension-type headache sufferers has been confirmed by several independent laboratories during the last five years. Temporalis silent periods have also been studied in various other types of headaches. Their modulation by neuropsychological factors and pharmacological agents has also been investigated as well as their retest reliability. The pathophysiological concept of muscle contraction in tension-type headache has been challenged by studies using temporalis silent periods. The exterocepfive suppression of temporalis muscle activity points unequivocally towards a central pathogenetic mechanism, although it remains unclear whether the abnormalities of temporalis ES2 represent the primary dysfunction or a secondary phenomenon in chronic tension-type headache.

EMG Analysis of the Late Exteroceptive Suppression Period of Temporal Muscle Activity in Episodic and Chronic Tension-Type Headaches

Cephalalgia ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas-Martin Wallasch ◽  
Martin Reinecke ◽  
Hans-Dieter Langohr
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Surface Emg ◽  
Tension Type Headache ◽  
Temporal Muscle ◽  
Chronic Tension Type Headache ◽  
Exteroceptive Suppression ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Comparative Methodology ◽  
Type Headache ◽  
Tension Type Headaches

EMG analysis of the late exteroceptive suppression period of the temporal muscle activity is discussed as comparative methodology in the assessment of patients suffering from chronic tension-type headache and from migraineurs (1, 2). After electrical perioral trigeminal nerve stimulation during maximum voluntary jaw occlusion, early (ES1) and late (ES2) exteroceptive suppression periods can be registered above the temples using surface EMG recordings (3–6). In patients suffering from chronic tension-type headache the duration of the late suppression period is shortened ( p < 0.001) compared to migraineurs or controls. However, patients suffering from episodic tension-type headache display late suppression periods of temporal muscle activity of differing lengths.

Exteroceptive Suppression Periods and Pericranial Muscle Tenderness in Chronic Tension-Type Headache: Effects of Psychopathology, Chronicity and Disability

Cephalalgia ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 638-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
GL Lipchik ◽  
KA Holroyd ◽  
FJ O'donnell ◽  
GE Cordingley ◽  
S Waller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Tension Type Headache ◽  
Chronic Tension Type Headache ◽  
Exteroceptive Suppression ◽  
Muscle Tenderness ◽  
Manual Palpation ◽  
Type Headache ◽  
Design And Methods

We examined pericranial muscle tenderness and abnormalities in the second exteroceptive suppression period (ES2) of the temporalis muscle in chronic tension-type headache (CTTH; n = 245) utilizing a blind design and methods to standardize the elicitation and scoring of these variables. No ES2 variable differed significantly between CTTH sufferers and controls (all tests, P > 0.05). We found no evidence that CTTH sufferers with daily or near daily headaches, a mood or an anxiety disorder, or high levels of disability exhibit abnormal ES2 responses (all tests, P > 0.05). CTTH sufferers were significantly more likely than controls to exhibit pervasive tenderness in pericranial muscles examined with standardized (500 g force) manual palpation ( P < 0.005). Female CTTH sufferers exhibited higher levels of pericranial muscle tenderness than male CTTH sufferers at the same level of headache activity ( P < 0.0001). Elevated pericranial muscle tenderness was associated with a comorbid anxiety disorder. These findings provide further evidence of pericranial hyperalgesia in CTTH and suggest this phenomenon deserves further study. Basic research that better elucidates the biological significance of the ES2 response and the factors that influence ES2 assessments appears necessary before this measure can be of use in clinical research.

Exteroceptive Suppression of Masseter Muscle Activity in Juvenile Migraineurs

Cephalalgia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 722-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Ebinger
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Masseter Muscle ◽  
Headache Disorder ◽  
Tension Type Headache ◽  
Temporalis Muscle ◽  
Exteroceptive Suppression ◽  
Migraine Group ◽  
Type Headache

The second exteroceptive suppression period (ES2) of masseter or temporalis muscle activity may be reduced in adults with chronic tension-type headache. In adults with migraine, ES2 was found normal or tended to be protracted. To date, no studies on exteroceptive suppression in children and adolescents with headaches have been published. We investigated the exteroceptive suppression of masseter muscle activity in 14 migraineurs and 19 controls between 6 and 18 years of age. It was elicited by electrical stimulation at the labial commissure. No differences were found regarding the first suppression period, but ES2 was significantly longer in the migraine group than in controls. The results of the migraine group suggest overactivity of the interneurons of the reflex loop due to impaired inhibitory control from superior antinociceptive systems already at the beginning of this headache disorder.

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