Water Penetration in Laterally Loaded Brick‐Wall Panels

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-436
Author(s):  
J. O. Arumala
Keyword(s):  
Brick Wall ◽  
Water Penetration ◽  
Wall Panels ◽  
Laterally Loaded

Prefabricated brick wall panels: economy or nightmare?

1999 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-360
Author(s):  
Michael J. Louis
Keyword(s):  
Building Construction ◽  
Brick Wall ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Wall Panels ◽  
Construction Schedules

Prefabricated wall systems are becoming a popular element of building construction, lending themselves to streamlining construction schedules and reducing overall construction costs. They also offer the potential for increased quality due to assembly in controlled factory environments. This paper reviews basic principles and concepts for the design of waterproofing systems for prefabricated brick wall panels. Using a project case study, the author shows that failure to adhere to certain proven conventional practices can have serious adverse consequences.

scholarly journals Essential Stressing State Features of Laterally Loaded Masonry Wall Panels Revealed from Experimental Displacements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bai Liu ◽  
Rui Li ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Guangchun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Failure Load ◽  
Failure Process ◽  
Qualitative Change ◽  
Characteristic Parameter ◽  
Masonry Wall ◽  
State Theory ◽  
Structural Failure ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wall Panels ◽  
Laterally Loaded

Abstract This study reveals the essential and general working features of laterally loaded masonry (LLM) wall panels from their experimental displacements by applying structural stressing state theory. Firstly, the generalized work of force is proposed to express the stressing state mode and its characteristic parameter. Then, the Mann-Kendall criterion is applied to detect the mutation point in the curve of the characteristic parameter with the load increase. Correspondingly, it is verified that the evolution of the stressing state mode also embodies the mutation feature. The stressing state mutation feature is inherent and common as the embodiment of the natural law from quantitative change to qualitative change of a system. The stressing state mutation feature reveals the starting point of structural failure process, which could update the existing definition of structural failure load. Further, the elastoplastic branch (EPB) point is revealed referring to the updated failure load, which might be directly taken as the design load with the rational margin of safety. In a sense, this paper presents a new way to address the classic issue of structural load-bearing capacity uncertainty and to update the existing design codes of LLM wall panels.

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY ON IN-PLANE BEHAVIOR OF BRICK MASONRY WALL PANELS

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 431-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. CHITRA GANAPATHI ◽  
A. RAMA CHANDRA MURTHY ◽  
NAGESH R. IYER ◽  
N. LAKSHMANAN ◽  
N. G. BHAGAVAN
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Study ◽  
Plane Deformation ◽  
Lateral Load ◽  
Brick Masonry ◽  
Brick Wall ◽  
Wall Panel ◽  
Displacement Ductility ◽  
Wall Panels ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Reduction Factors

This paper presents the details of studies conducted on brick masonry units and wall panels. The investigation includes, compressive strength of brick unit, prisms, flexural strength evaluation, and testing of reinforced brick wall panels with and without opening. Nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) of brick wall panels with and without opening has been carried out by simulating the actual test conditions. Constant vertical load is applied on the top of the wall panel and lateral load is applied in an incremental manner. The in-plane deformation is recorded under each incremental lateral load. Displacement ductility factors and response-reduction factors have been evaluated based on experimental results. From the experimental study, it is observed that fully reinforced wall panel without opening performed well compared to other types of wall panels in lateral load resistance and displacement ductility. In all the wall panels, shear cracks originated at loading point and moved toward the compression toe of the wall. The force-reduction factors of a wall panel with opening are much less when compared with fully reinforced wall panel with no opening. The displacement values obtained by nonlinear FEA were found to be in good agreement with the corresponding experimental values. The difference in the computed and experimental values is attributed to the influence of mortar joint which was not considered in FEA. The derived response-reduction factors will be useful for adopting elastoplastic design procedures for lateral forces generated due to earthquakes.

Characterization of sustainable interlocking burnt clay brick wall panels: An alternative to conventional bricks

2020 ◽  
Vol 231 ◽  
pp. 117190
Author(s):  
Qasim Afzal ◽  
Safeer Abbas ◽  
Wasim Abbass ◽  
Ali Ahmed ◽  
Rizwan Azam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brick Wall ◽  
Clay Brick ◽  
Burnt Clay ◽  
Wall Panels

Changes in corneocyte element concentrations occur in skin inner stratum corneum

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-147
Author(s):  
R. R. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Element Concentration ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Brick Wall ◽  
Inorganic Elements ◽  
Dry Skin ◽  
Skin Biopsies ◽  
Intercellular Lipid

Keratinocytes undergo maturation during their transit through the viable layers of skin, and then abruptly transform into flattened, anuclear corneocytes that constitute the cellular component of the skin barrier, the stratum corneum (SC). The SC is generally considered to be homogeneous in its structure and barrier properties, and is often shown schematically as a featureless brick wall, the “bricks” being the corneocytes, the “mortar” being intercellular lipid. Previously we showed the outer SC was not homogeneous in its composition, but contained steep gradients of the physiological inorganic elements Na, K and Cl, likely originating from sweat salts. Here we show the innermost corneocytes in human skin are also heterogeneous in composition, undergoing systematic changes in intracellular element concentration during transit into the interior of the SC.Human skin biopsies were taken from the lower leg of individuals with both “good” and “dry” skin and plunge-frozen in a stirred, cooled isopentane/propane mixture.

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