A Comparative Assessment of Municipal Water Use in Turkey

2022 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Şamil Güneş ◽  
Doğan Yıldız ◽  
Fatma Sevinç Kurnaz
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Municipal Water

scholarly journals Applying the Hierarchical Gray Relational Clustering Method to Municipal Water Use in Turkey

Teknik Dergi ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Şamil GÜNEŞ ◽  
Coşkun PARİM ◽  
Doğan YILDIZ ◽  
Ali Hakan BÜYÜKLÜ
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Clustering Method ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
Relational Clustering

Understanding Falling Municipal Water Demand in a Small City Dependent on the Declining Ogallala Aquifer: Case Study of Clovis, New Mexico

2018 ◽  
Vol 04 (04) ◽  
pp. 1850015
Author(s):  
Michael O'Donnell ◽  
Robert P. Berrens
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ogallala Aquifer ◽  
Washing Machine ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Reduced Water

Municipal water demand has declined over the past several decades in many large cities in the western United States. The same is true in Clovis, New Mexico, which is a small town in arid eastern New Mexico, whose sole water source is from the dwindling southern Ogallala Aquifer. Using premises-level monthly panel data from 2006 to 2015 combined with climate data and additional controls, we apply a fixed effects instrumental variable approach to estimate municipal water demand. Results indicate that utility-controlled actions such as price increases and rebates for xeriscaping and water saving technology have contributed to the decline. Overall water demand was found to be price inelastic and in the neighborhood of [Formula: see text]0.50; however, premises receiving toilet and washing machine rebates were relatively more price inelastic and premises receiving landscaping rebates were more price elastic, though still inelastic. In addition, the average premises receiving its first toilet rebate reduced water use by 8.4%, washing machine rebates lowered use by 9.2%, and the average landscaping rebate reduced water use by less than 5.0%. From the utility’s perspective, and assuming a 5.0% discount rate, levelized cost analysis indicates that toilet rebates are 34% more cost effective than washing machine rebates and nearly 800% more cost effective than landscaping rebates over their respective lives per volume of water conserved. While this research focuses on Clovis, estimation results can be leveraged by other small to mid-sized cities experiencing declining supplies, confronting climate change, and with little opportunity for near-term supply enhancement.

scholarly journals Modeling Graywater in Residences: Using Shower Effluent in the Toilet Reservoir

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
Xing Wu ◽  
Burcu Akinci ◽  
Cliff I Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
German System ◽  
And Storage

Use of municipal water in residences can be decreased substantially by allowing “graywater” effluent from showering and other activities to fill the toilet reservoir. This paper considers a system developed in Germany for treatment and storage of shower wastewater for use in flushing the toilet. Based on literature data for distributions of shower duration and water flow rate, the volume of municipal water saved using the German system has been estimated for several usage scenarios. Results show significant savings of water that depend on the size of the treatment and storage tanks used in the graywater system as well as the number of toilet flushes per day. For example, a scenario with four residents each flushing nine times per day with 80 liter treatment and storage tanks shows a 50% chance that the savings in municipal water use for the toilet will exceed 73%. Because the timing of showers and toilet flushes is assumed to follow a uniform distribution throughout the day, the calculated tank sizes may be underestimates.

scholarly journals Municipal water use: an Oregon case study

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Shukri
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Municipal Water

Cascade Model of Monthly Municipal Water Use

1984 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Maidment ◽  
Emanuel Parzen
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Cascade Model ◽  
Municipal Water
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