scholarly journals The 9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) Group in Chemical Peptide Synthesis – Its Past, Present, and Future

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenyi Li ◽  
Neil M. O'Brien-Simpson ◽  
Mohammed Akhter Hossain ◽  
John D. Wade

The chemical formation of the peptide bond has long fascinated and challenged organic chemists. It requires not only the activation of the carboxyl group of an amino acid but also the protection of the Nα-amino group. The more than a century of continuous development of ever-improved protecting group chemistry has been married to dramatic advances in the chemical synthesis of peptides that, itself, was substantially enhanced by the development of solid-phase peptide synthesis by R. B. Merrifield in the 1960s. While the latter technology has continued to undergo further refinement and improvement in both its chemistry and automation, the development of the base-labile 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group and its integration into current synthesis methods is considered a major landmark in the history of the chemical synthesis of peptides. The many beneficial attributes of the Fmoc group, which have yet to be surpassed by any other Nα-protecting group, allow very rapid and highly efficient synthesis of peptides, including ones of significant size and complexity, making it an even more valuable resource for research in the post-genomic world. This review charts the development and use of this Nα-protecting group and its adaptation to address the need for more green chemical peptide synthesis processes.

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Rodríguez ◽  
Julieth T. Román ◽  
Ricardo Fierro ◽  
Zuly J. Rivera ◽  
Javier E. García

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1197-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Mäde ◽  
Sylvia Els-Heindl ◽  
Annette G Beck-Sickinger

The great versatility and the inherent high affinities of peptides for their respective targets have led to tremendous progress for therapeutic applications in the last years. In order to increase the drugability of these frequently unstable and rapidly cleared molecules, chemical modifications are of great interest. Automated solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) offers a suitable technology to produce chemically engineered peptides. This review concentrates on the application of SPPS by Fmoc/t-Bu protecting-group strategy, which is most commonly used. Critical issues and suggestions for the synthesis are covered. The development of automated methods from conventional to essentially improved microwave-assisted instruments is discussed. In order to improve pharmacokinetic properties of peptides, lipidation and PEGylation are described as covalent conjugation methods, which can be applied by a combination of automated and manual synthesis approaches. The synthesis and application of SPPS is described for neuropeptide Y receptor analogs as an example for bioactive hormones. The applied strategies represent innovative and potent methods for the development of novel peptide drug candidates that can be manufactured with optimized automated synthesis technologies.


2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 818-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidekazu Katayama ◽  
Takumi Utsumi ◽  
Chinatsu Ozawa ◽  
Yuko Nakahara ◽  
Hironobu Hojo ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4464
Author(s):  
Mahama Alhassan ◽  
Ashish Kumar ◽  
John Lopez ◽  
Fernando Albericio ◽  
Beatriz G. de la Torre

The protection of side-chain arginine in solid-phase peptide synthesis requires attention since current protecting groups have several drawbacks. Herein, the NO2 group, which is scarcely used, has been revisited. This work shows that it prevents the formation of δ-lactam, the most severe side-reaction during the incorporation of Arg. Moreover, it is stable in solution for long periods and can be removed in an easy-to-understand manner. Thus, this protecting group can be removed while the protected peptide is still anchored to the resin, with SnCl2 as reducing agent in mild acid conditions using 2-MeTHF as solvent at 55 °C. Furthermore, we demonstrate that sonochemistry can facilitate the removal of NO2 from multiple Arg-containing peptides.


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