The Mathematics of 'Amerind'

Diachronica ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald A. Ringe

SUMMARY After discussion of several methodological issues, a simpfe method for evaluating nonbinary wordlist comparisons probabilistically is introduced, and the data of Joseph H. Greenberg's "Amerind Etymological Dictionary" (1987: 181-270) are evaluated by that method. It is found that the similarities Green-berg has adduced as evidence for the genetic unity of 'Amerind' fall within the range to be expected by chance alone, and concluded that Greenberg's method of 'multilateral comparison' is utterly unreliable, as well-informed specialists have long claimed. RÉSUMÉ Suivant une discussion de plusieurs questions methodologiques, l'auteur introduit une methode simple pour 1'evaluation probabilistique des listes de mots non binaires de comparaison. Ensuite les donnees tirees du 'dictionnaire etymologique amerindien' de Joseph H. Greenberg (1987:181-270) sont eva-luees a la base de cette methode. Le resultat des calculs demontre que les simi-larites apportees par Greenberg comme preuve pour l'unite genetique de 1''Amerind' tombe a l'interieur de la gamme a laquelle on pourrait s'attendre a la base du hasard seulement. La conclusion de l'auteur est que la methode de 'comparaison multilaterale' de Greenberg n'est absolument pas fiable, comme les specialistes bien-informes des langues amerindiennes I'avaient deja note. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Im Anschluß an eine Diskussion verschiedener methodologischer Fragen stellt der Autor eine einfache Methode zur probabilistischen Bewertung nicht-binarer komparatistischer Wortlisten vor. Danach werden Daten bewertet, die Joseph H. Greenbergs "Amerind Etymological Dictionary" (1987:181-270) entnommen sind. Das Ergebnis ist, daß die Ahnlichkeiten, die Greenberg als Nachweis für die genetische Einheit einer 'Amerind'-Grundsprache heran-gefuhrt hat, sich durchaus innerhalb der Breite dessen befinden, was man aus bloßem Zufall erwarten kann. Der Autor kommt zum SchluB, daB Greenbergs Methode eines 'multilateralen Vergleichs' vollkommen unzuverlassig ist, wie wohlinformierte Spezialisten von Indianersprachen schon seit langem behaup-tet haben.

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon M. Laham ◽  
Yoshihisa Kashima

Goals are a central feature of narratives, and, thus, narratives may be particularly potent means of goal priming. Two studies examined two features of goal priming (postdelay behavioral assimilation and postfulfillment accessibility) that have been theorized to distinguish goal from semantic construct priming. Across the studies, participants were primed with high achievement, either in a narrative or nonnarrative context and then completed either a behavioral task, followed by a measure of construct accessibility, or a behavioral task after a delay. Indicative of goal priming, narrative-primed participants showed greater postdelay behavioral assimilation and less postfulfillment accessibility than those exposed to the nonnarrative prime. The implications of goal priming from narratives are discussed in relation to both theoretical and methodological issues.


2016 ◽  
Vol 224 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Straube

Abstract. Psychotherapy is an effective treatment for most mental disorders, including anxiety disorders. Successful psychotherapy implies new learning experiences and therefore neural alterations. With the increasing availability of functional neuroimaging methods, it has become possible to investigate psychotherapeutically induced neuronal plasticity across the whole brain in controlled studies. However, the detectable effects strongly depend on neuroscientific methods, experimental paradigms, analytical strategies, and sample characteristics. This article summarizes the state of the art, discusses current theoretical and methodological issues, and suggests future directions of the research on the neurobiology of psychotherapy in anxiety disorders.


1969 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-42
Author(s):  
JAMES N. MORGAN

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