Abstract
Many commercial processes exist for converting uranium from ore to the desired uranium compound for use in nuclear power or nuclear weapons. Accurately determining the processing history of the uranium ore concentrates (UOCs) and their calcination products, can greatly aid a nuclear forensics investigation of unknown or interdicted nuclear materials. In this study, two novel forensic signatures, based on nuclear materials synthesis, were pursued. Thermogravimetric analysis – mass spectrometry (TGA-MS) was utilized for its ability to discern UOCs based on mass changes and evolved gas species; while scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in conjunction with particle segmentation, was performed to identify microfeatures present in the calcination and reduction products (i.e. UO3, U3O8, and UO2) that are unique to the starting UOC. In total, five UOCs from common commercial processing routes including: ammonium diuranate (ADU), uranyl peroxide (UO4), sodium diuranate (SDU), uranyl hydroxide (UH), and ammonium uranyl carbonate (AUC), were synthesized from uranyl nitrate solutions. Samples of these materials were calcined in air at 400 °C and 800 °C. The 800 °C calcination product was subsequently reduced with hydrogen gas at 510 °C. The starting UOCs were investigated using TGA-MS; while SEM quantitative morphological analysis was used to identify signatures in the calcination products. Powder X-ray diffractometry (p-XRD) was used to identify the composition of each UOC and the subsequent calcination products. TGA-MS of the starting UOCs indicate temperature-dependent dehydration, volatilization, and reduction events that were unique to each material; thus making this a quantifiable signature of the initial material in the processing history. In addition, p-XRD, in conjunction with quantitative morphological analysis, was capable of discriminating calcination products of each processing history at the 99 % confidence level. Quantifying these nuclear material properties, enables nuclear forensics scientists to better identify the origin of unknown or interdicted nuclear materials.
Nuclear forensics: How science helps stop the trafficking of nuclear materials
