FDA Proposal for Establishing Microbiological Acceptable Daily Intakes for Antimicrobial Residues

ABSTRACT Mandated authorities have developed principles for evaluating the safety of antimicrobial residues in food and have established microbiological acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) and recommended maximum residue limits (MRLs) for antibiotic residues in food products. The evaluation of the ADI is based in relevant scientific information such as MIC data of predominant human intestinal bacteria. However, it does not include data derived from minimal selective concentration (MSC) predictions that estimate the lowest concentration of an antibiotic that will provide resistant bacteria an advantage over susceptible bacteria. Based on these insights, we sought to determine whether human exposure to selected antibiotics through ingestion of foodstuffs could result in colon concentrations exceeding apparent MSCs. Nine antibiotics—tetracycline, oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, sarafloxacin, erythromycin, spiramycin, tilmicosin, tylosin, and lincomycin—were selected for analysis. Dietary exposure was estimated either using published measured antibiotic concentrations in foodstuffs or using ADI values or food MRLs and a conservative diet. Using the ADI, the estimated antibiotic residue concentrations in the human colon of all antibiotics assessed may be up to a 1,000-fold greater than the predicted MSCs. When the dietary exposure assessment used MRLs or measured concentration in foodstuffs, the estimated concentrations were considerably lower but still within the MSC range for most of the foodstuffs assessed. These results suggest that the ingestion of antibiotic residues through food consumption may expose intestinal microbiota to antibiotic concentrations exceeding the MSC boundaries, thus favoring the growth of potential resistant bacteria. We suggest that MRL and ADI values be revisited in light of the recognition that antibiotic concentrations significantly below the MIC may select for resistance.

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Model Systems of Human Intestinal Flora, to Set Acceptable Daily Intakes of Antimicrobial Residues

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease ◽

10.3402/mehd.v12i1.8044 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Denis E. Corpet

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Flora ◽

Model Systems ◽

Antimicrobial Residues ◽

Daily Intakes

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Meat and Meat Products Consumption in Italy: Contribution to Trace Elements, Heme Iron and selected B Vitamins supply

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831.74.4.247 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 74 (4) ◽

pp. 247-251 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Lombardi-Boccia ◽

Lanzi ◽

Lucarini ◽

Di Lullo

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Meat Products ◽

Heme Iron ◽

B Vitamins ◽

Zinc Intake ◽

Consumption Frequency ◽

Iron And Zinc ◽

Iron Heme ◽

Daily Intakes

This study was undertaken to estimate the contribution of meat and meat products consumption to the daily intakes of trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Se), heme iron, and selected B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin) in Italy. Meat and meat products were selected on the basis of their consumption frequency reported by the most recent nationwide dietary individual survey carried out in Italy (INN-CA study). The daily intakes of total iron and heme iron were 1.65 and 1.13 mg/person/day. Zinc intake was 3.65 mg/person/day. Beef made the main contribution to iron, heme iron, and zinc daily intakes. Copper daily intake was 107.3 mug/person/day, with meat products provided the highest contribution (40 mug/person/day). Daily intake of selenium (7.14 mug/person/day) was provided mainly by poultry consumption. Thiamine intake was 228 mug/person/day, and meat products were the main source (110 mug/person/day). Riboflavin intake was 136 mug/person/day, with both beef and meat products as the main contributors (40 mug/person/day). Niacin intake was 7.53 mg/person/day, and poultry was the main source (2.28 mg/person/day). Meat and meat products were a valuable source of micronutrients, supplying 47, 48, and 24% of zinc, niacin, and thiamin daily requirements, respectively, and over 10% of iron, copper, selenium, and riboflavin daily average requirement values of the italian RDAs calculated for the population involved in the survey (INN-CA study).

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