Total gastric necrosis due to aberrant arterial anatomy and retrograde blood flow in the gastroduodenal artery: a complication following pancreaticoduodenectomy

Arterial catheters, routinely used in neonatal intensive care units, have been associated with serious complications. In the present studies, retrograde blood flow occurring during routine flushing of peripheral and umbilical catheters is described. This retrograde flow is associated with a significant elevation of blood pressure at distant sites. These phenomena depend on the volume flushed and on the velocity of the flushing process. These phenomena can be prevented by flushing a small volume of 0.5 mL for a period of five seconds.

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Retrograde blood flow and dilatation of the varicocele on a color Doppler sonogram.

Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine ◽

10.7863/jum.1998.17.6.392 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 392-392

Author(s):

C Yang ◽

S Brown

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Color Doppler ◽

Retrograde Blood Flow

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Cardiac Vein Involvement in Carcinoid Syndrome: Possible Evidence of Retrograde Blood Flow in Cardiac Veins in Tricuspid Insufficiency

American Journal of Clinical Pathology ◽

10.1093/ajcp/55.5.617 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 55 (5) ◽

pp. 617-623 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jurgen Ludwig

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Carcinoid Syndrome ◽

Tricuspid Insufficiency ◽

Cardiac Veins ◽

Retrograde Blood Flow

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Biaxial Compliance Changes of Mitral Valve Leaflets Following Radiofrequency Ablation

ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/sbc2009-206761 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Carolyn G. Norwood ◽

W. David Merryman

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Radiofrequency Ablation ◽

Mitral Valve ◽

Left Ventricle ◽

Left Atrium ◽

Posterior Leaflet ◽

Anterior Leaflet ◽

Retrograde Blood Flow

The mitral valve (MV), located between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart, is responsible for preventing retrograde blood flow by closing during systole. There are two MV leaflets, anterior and posterior. The anterior is the larger of the two and semicircular; the posterior leaflet is more rectangular and can be subdivided into three scallops, the middle scallop being the largest in most human hearts. The two leaflets are anchored to the wall of the left ventricle by the chordae tendinae. The MV annulus forms a complete fibrous ring anchored along the anterior leaflet (1).

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Hyperglycemia reduces coronary collateral blood flow through a nitric oxide-mediated mechanism

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.2001.281.5.h2097 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 281 (5) ◽

pp. H2097-H2104 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Judy R. Kersten ◽

Wolfgang G. Toller ◽

John P. Tessmer ◽

Paul S. Pagel ◽

David C. Warltier

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Glucose Concentration ◽

Collateral Blood Flow ◽

Coronary Collateral ◽

Retrograde Blood Flow ◽

Flow Through ◽

Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽

Coronary Collateral Blood Flow

We tested the hypothesis that hyperglycemia alters retrograde coronary collateral blood flow by a nitric oxide-mediated mechanism in a canine Ameriod constrictor model of enhanced collateral development. Administration of 15% dextrose to increase blood glucose concentration to 400 or 600 mg/dl decreased retrograde blood flow through the left anterior descending coronary artery to 78 ± 9 and 82 ± 8% of baseline values, respectively. In contrast, saline or l-arginine (400 mg · kg−1 · h−1) had no effect on retrograde flow. Coronary hypoperfusion and 1 h of reperfusion decreased retrograde blood flow similarly in saline- orl-arginine-treated dogs (76 ± 11 and 89 ± 4% of baseline, respectively), but these decreases were more pronounced in hyperglycemic dogs (47 ± 10%). l-Arginine prevented decreases in retrograde coronary collateral blood flow during hyperglycemia (100 ± 5 and 95 ± 6% of baseline at blood glucose concentrations of 400 and 600 mg/dl, respectively) and after coronary hypoperfusion and reperfusion (84 ± 14%). The results suggest that hyperglycemia decreases retrograde coronary collateral blood flow by adversely affecting nitric oxide availability.

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Retrograde Blood Flow in the Brachial and Axillary Arteries during Routine Radial Arterial Catheter Flushing

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/00000542-200609000-00012 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 105 (3) ◽

pp. 492-497 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Glenn S. Murphy ◽

Joseph W. Szokol ◽

Jesse H. Marymont ◽

Michael J. Avram ◽

Jeffery S. Vender ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Axillary Artery ◽

Flow Patterns ◽

Arterial Flow ◽

Arterial Catheter ◽

Retrograde Flow ◽

Clinical Practices ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Retrograde Blood Flow ◽

Valve Opening

Background Flushing of radial arterial catheters may be associated with retrograde embolization of air or thrombus into the cerebral circulation. For embolization into the central circulation to occur, sufficient pressure must be generated during the flushing process to reverse antegrade blood flow in the arterial blood vessels of the upper extremity. This ultrasound study was designed to examine whether routine radial catheter flushing practices produce retrograde blood flow patterns in the brachial and proximal axillary arteries. Methods Duplex ultrasound examinations of the brachial and axillary arteries were conducted in 100 surgical patients to quantify direction and velocity of blood flow during catheter flushing. After obtaining Doppler spectral images of brachial and axillary arterial flow patterns, manual flushing was performed by injecting 10 ml flush solution using a syringe at a rate reflecting standard clinical practices. The flow-regulating device on the pressurized (300 mmHg) arterial flushing-sampling system was then opened for 10 s to deliver a rapid bolus of fluid (flush valve opening). Results The rate of manual flush solution injection through the radial arterial catheter was related to the probability of retrograde flow in the axillary artery (P < 0.001). Reversed arterial flow was noted in the majority of subjects (33 of 51) at a manual flush rate of less than 9 s and in no subjects (0 of 48) at a rate 9 s or greater. Retrograde flow was observed less frequently during flush valve opening (2 of 99 patients; P < 0.001 vs. manual flushing). Conclusions Rapid manual flushing of radial arterial catheters at rates faster than 1 ml/s produces retrograde flow in the proximal axillary artery.

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