Short Term Forgetting in the Absence of Proactive Interference

1971 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Baddeley ◽  
Denise Scott
Keyword(s):  
Proactive Interference ◽  
Primary Memory ◽  
Secondary Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Retention Intervals

It has been claimed that the short-term forgetting shown by the Peterson technique is entirely due to proactive interference from prior experimental items. Two experiments investigated this by studying forgetting when prior items were avoided by testing subjects only once. Both experiments showed significant forgetting, although the degree of forgetting was less than with a multitrial procedure. On the basis of this and other results it is suggested that the Peterson technique comprises two components, a primary memory component which decays within 6 sec, and a more stable secondary memory component. Forgetting with the multitrial procedure is attributed principally to the need to use temporal retrieval cues to avoid confusion between successive items; longer retention intervals are associated with reduced temporal discriminability and hence poorer recall.

Effects of Proactive Interference and Rehearsal on the Primary and Secondary Components of Short-Term Retention

1975 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Turvey ◽  
Robert A. Weeks
Keyword(s):  
Proactive Interference ◽  
Primary Memory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Secondary Memory ◽  
Retention Function ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Retention Period ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Proactive Effects

Under the conditions of the distractor paradigm, short-term retention declines to a minimum in a very brief period. The rapid forgetting can be said to reflect the declining contribution of the short-term store or primary memory and the asymptote can be taken as a measure of the contribution of the long-term store or secondary memory. It was shown that manipulating proactive effects by varying the recency of prior material affected only the primary memory component of the short-term retention function. On the other hand manipulating the difficulty of the subsidiary task performed during the retention period with proactive effects held constant affected both the primary and the secondary components. The results were discussed with respect to the relation between the two memory components and the idea that proactive effects are limited to long-term store.

Proactive Interference and Intertrial Interval in Short-Term Retention of Temporal Visual Information

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 839-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Guay
Keyword(s):  
Proactive Interference ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Retention Intervals ◽  
Variable Errors

The main purpose was to examine the role of proactive interference in temporal short-term memory when subjects experienced time under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation, made without time-aiding techniques. Visual durations of 1, 4, and 8 sec. were estimated by 18 subjects under the method of reproduction. Three retention intervals were used: immediate reproduction, 15, and 30 sec. of rest. The three intertrial intervals were immediate, 15, and 30 sec. Constant error was used as an index of bias. The constant errors provided no indication that proactive interference was operating in temporal short-term memory. The lack of proactive interference was not associated with intertrial intervals; even when the intertrial intervals were shortened to 1 sec. no proactive interference was observed. Variable error was used to evaluate effects of forgetting. The variable errors for the 4- and 8-sec. durations seemed amenable to a trace-decay explanation.

Proactive Interference in Short-Term Memory as a Function of Prior-Item Retention Interval

1970 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Turvey ◽  
P. Brick ◽  
J. Osborn
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Proactive Interference ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Inverse Function ◽  
Vowel Sound ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Direct Function ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Retention Intervals ◽  
Prior Item

The experiment was conducted to examine the effect of prior-item retention interval on the retention of a given item in a short-term memory test series. There were five conditions. The retention interval for the fifth test of five successive tests was 15 sec. for all five conditions. The retention intervals for tests 1–4 were constant for a condition but varied across conditions. These retention intervals were 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 sec. Five consonant trigrams constructed from the set of letters sharing the vowel sound “e” were used for all conditions. Recall on test 5 was a direct function of prior-item retention interval. The data indicate, therefore, that the availability of prior items for proactive interference is an inverse function of prior-item retention interval.

Counting Strategies and Assimilation Effects in Short-Term Retention of Temporal Information

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 839-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Guay ◽  
Alan W. Salmoni
Keyword(s):  
Proactive Interference ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Major Conclusion ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Temporal Duration ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Retention Intervals

The purpose of the present research was to examine proactive interference in general and assimilation effects (i.e., shifts in constant error caused by prior responses) in particular, when subjects used covert counting to aid their retention of the temporal information. Visually presented durations of 1, 4, and 8 sec. were estimated by 18 subjects under the method of reproduction. Three retention intervals (i.e., immediate, 15, and 30 sec.) and three intertrial intervals (i.e., immediate, 15, and 30 sec.) were employed. Analysis of constant error provided no indication that proactive interference was operating in the retention of temporal information as there was no increase in error across trials, no increase in error for longer retention intervals, and no interaction between trials and retention intervals. Also, there was no change in variable error as the retention intervals lengthened for any temporal duration except for the 4-sec. criterion. Finally, the rate of counting (counting units/sec.) was different across the durations to be remembered. The major conclusion of the present research was that counting greatly facilitates retention of temporal information as compared to retention without such a time-aiding strategy.

scholarly journals Indexing moving objects: A real time approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Lagogiannis ◽  
Nikos Lorentzos ◽  
Alexander Sideridis
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Primary Memory ◽  
Secondary Memory ◽  
Current Position ◽  
Asymptotically Optimal ◽  
New Approaches

Indexing moving objects usually involves a great amount of updates, caused by objects reporting their current position. In order to keep the present and past positions of the objects in secondary memory, each update introduces an I/O and this process is sometimes creating a bottleneck. In this paper we deal with the problem of minimizing the number of I/Os in such a way that queries concerning the present and past positions of the objects can be answered efficiently. In particular we propose two new approaches that achieve an asymptotically optimal number of I/Os for performing the necessary updates. The approaches are based on the assumption that the primary memory suffices for storing the current positions of the objects.

scholarly journals Retrieval cues and meaningfulness in short-term recall

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 202-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas O. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Retrieval Cues

Interpolated Activity in Short-Term Motor Memory

1970 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Stelmach ◽  
Julie L. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Motor Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Hands On ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Retention Intervals ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Kinesthetic Information ◽  
With Memory

Retention of kinesthetic information from blind positioning responses was examined for 56 Ss. During a 30-sec. retention interval, half of the Ss sat quietly with their hands on the lever; the other half learned an interpolated target which required an antagonistic response. Both conditions showed significant amounts of forgetting. The mean differences between conditions as well as the differences between correlation coefficients across retention intervals were not significant. The results were consistent with memory-trace decay predictions.

Instructed Rehearsal Strategies' Influence on Deaf Memory Processing

1976 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Belmont ◽  
Michael A. Karchmer ◽  
Paul A. Pilkonis
Keyword(s):  
Correct Response ◽  
Strategy Instruction ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Secondary Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Rehearsal Strategies ◽  
Probe Test ◽  
The Subject

Congenitally deaf subjects were compared with normal-hearing subjects on short-term retention accuracy and correct response latency. The subjects paced themselves through serial lists of consonant letters six- or seven-items long. Presentation of each list was followed by a position-probe test requiring the subject to specify where in the list a particular letter had appeared. The subjects were first observed while generating their own input strategies (free strategy). In subsequent sessions they adopted instructed rehearsal strategies involving primary and secondary memory components. Overall, the normal-hearing subjects were more accurate and responded faster than the deaf subjects. Instructing rehearsal strategies resulted in immediate gains on these measures for both groups. For both measures the deaf subjects became at least as proficient as the normal-hearing subjects had been under free strategy. The patterns of correct response latencies for the groups revealed strikingly different comparisons for primary and secondary memory. Following strategy instruction, latencies for the terminal list items never differed for the two groups, indicating that primary memory in the deaf is fully intact. However, the deaf responded slower on the first items of the list, indicating secondary memory deficiencies.

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