The Construction of Epistemology of Fatwa on Social Interaction Through Social Media in Indonesia

<p>This study intends to identify the Islamic legal approach in determining the fatwa of the Indonesian Ulema Council Number 24 of 2017 concerning Law and Social Interaction in Social Media. This literature research is a type of philosophical normative research using an Islamic legal system approach. The results of the study conclude that the determination of the MUI fatwa on laws and guidelines for social interaction through social media uses a holistic approach to Islamic law. This major conclusion can be seen from various characteristics which is: <em>First</em>, the overall character (wholeness) and multidimensionality in the form of the use of universal textual arguments (<em>'aam</em>). <em>Second</em>, the character of purpose in the form of the use of various fiqh rules that emphasize the realization of benefit as the basis as well as the orientation of legal determination. <em>Third</em>, the cognitive character is the use of several classical <em>fiqh</em> ideas, but they are not used as independent arguments, but are combined with various other perspectives that are part of the fatwa arguments. <em>Fourth</em>, the character of openness in the form of an elaboration of the Islamic legal approach with the opinions of experts regarding the use of social media<strong><em> </em></strong></p><p>Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk mengidentifikasi pendekatan hukum Islam dalam penetapan fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) Nomor 24 Tahun 2017 tentang Hukum dan Pedoman Bermuamalah Melalui Media Sosial. Penelitian pustaka ini termasuk jenis penelitian normatif filosofis dengan menggunakan pendekatan sistem hukum Islam. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa penetapan fatwa MUI atas pedoman interaksi sosial melalui media social menggunakan pendekatan hukum Islam yang bersifat holistik. Kesimpulan besar inidapat dilihat dari berbagai karakteristik sebagai berikut: <em>Pertama</em>, karakter menyeluruh (<em>wholeness</em>) dan multidimensi dalam penggunaan dalil-dalil nas yang bersifat universal (‘aam<em>)</em>. <em>Kedua</em>, karakter kebermaksudan (<em>purpose</em>) berupa penggunaan berbagai kaidah fikih yang menekankan kemaslahatan sebagai dasar penetapanhukum. <em>Ketiga</em>, karakter kognitif berupa penggunaan beberapa pemikiran fikih klasik, namun tidak dijadikan sebagai dalil independen, melainkan dipadu dengan berbagai perspektif lain yang menjadi bagian dalil fatwa<em>. Keempat</em>, karakter keterbukaan dalam elaborasi pendekatan hukum Islam dengan pendapat para ahli terkait penggunaan media sosial.</p>

Oldies but Goldies! Twenty Years After, the Journal of Sports Economics at a Crossroads?

The present article first delineates core sport economics and compares the content of the Journal of Sports Economics (JSE) in different periods of time, then with other core publications in sport economics. Finally, a comparison is undertaken with articles in sport economics which have been published in generalist economics journals over the past two decades. A major conclusion is that the JSE appears to be the mainstream journal in quantitative sport microeconomics. Other strengths and weaknesses are exhibited and tentatively explained, including a marginal attention paid to non-microeconomic issues in sport and some other unheeded topics. A final conclusion is geared toward options for the editorial policy in the decades to come.

Psychological impact of online learning during covid-19 pandemic on students' mental health as life quality basis

The article describes current problems of students' life quality connected with online learning caused by Covid-19 pandemic and related quarantine. Since online learning can be considered stressful, and that pandemics and quarantine restrictions increase its impact on students' emotional and mental health as a basis for their quality of life, it is significant to discover their impact. The purpose of the research is to examine changing in students’ mental health during two periods of online learning. 258 students of Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University (Ukraine) became the sample group. Quantitative and qualitative methods have been used to achieve the purpose. The results have revealed that a rate of stress and an anxiety level among students have grown drastically comparing the first and the second online learning periods. The major conclusion is that experiencing stress, caused by online learning in terms of the pandemic and quarantine, a persons’ psychological well-being is badly influenced and can lead to depression. Practical recommendations to reduce stress and psychological problems have been proposed.

Enzymatic Spermine Metabolites Induce Apoptosis Associated with Increase of p53, Caspase-3 and miR-34a in Both Neuroblastoma Cells, SJNKP and the N-Myc-Amplified Form IMR5

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a common malignant solid tumor in children and accounts for 15% of childhood cancer mortality. Amplification of the N-Myc oncogene is a well-established poor prognostic marker in NB patients and strongly correlates with higher tumor aggression and resistance to treatment. New therapies for patients with N-Myc-amplified NB need to be developed. After treating NB cells with BSAO/SPM, the detection of apoptosis was determined after annexin V-FITC labeling and DNA staining with propidium iodide. The mitochondrial membrane potential activity was checked, labeling cells with the probe JC-1 dye. We analyzed, by real-time RT-PCR, the transcript of genes involved in the apoptotic process, to determine possible down- or upregulation of mRNAs after the treatment on SJNKP and the N-Myc-amplified IMR5 cell lines with BSAO/SPM. The experiments were carried out considering the proapoptotic genes Tp53 and caspase-3. After treatment with BSAO/SPM, both cell lines displayed increased mRNA levels for all these proapoptotic genes. Western blotting analysis with PARP and caspase-3 antibody support that BSAO/SPM treatment induces high levels of apoptosis in cells. The major conclusion is that BSAO/SPM treatment leads to antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity of both NB cell lines, associated with activation of apoptosis.

Just Transition as a Tool for Preventing Energy Poverty among Women in Mining Areas—A Case Study of the Silesia Region, Poland

The inevitable energy transformation can be perceived as an opportunity and as a threat to the actions undertaken to prevent energy poverty in European mining regions. Silesia is a special exemplification of the European region whose economy has been based on coal industry for centuries. There are still about 70,000 miners and coal is also widely used for heating households. Based on developed map of jobs lost in mining and related industry and the demographic and social data the proposal of activities addressed to different group of people has been created. It was also indicated that energy poverty in Poland mainly concerns households inhabited by single women. Therefore, the major conclusion of the paper is postulated that the Just Transition strategy should be extended by issues strictly related to the situation of women in the future labor market. Additionally, the concept of a special hub for women, whose aim would be professional activation of women of various age groups, has been introduced.

Regulation of Bacterial Ribonucleases

Ribonucleases (RNases) are essential for almost every aspect of RNA metabolism. However, despite their important metabolic roles, RNases can also be destructive enzymes. As a consequence, cells must carefully regulate the amount, the activity, and the localization of RNases to avoid the inappropriate degradation of essential RNA molecules. In addition, bacterial cells often must adjust RNase levels as environmental situations demand, also requiring careful regulation of these critical enzymes. As the need for strict control of RNases has become more evident, multiple mechanisms for this regulation have been identified and studied, and these are described in this review. The major conclusion that emerges is that no common regulatory mechanism applies to all RNases, or even to a family of RNases; rather, a wide variety of processes have evolved that act on these enzymes, and in some cases, multiple regulatory mechanisms can even act on a single RNase. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Semiotic status of objects and their functioning in the Anglo-Saxon and Russian charms

The research focuses on the problem of semiotic status of objects in the Anglo-Saxon and Russian charms. The text of charms is the object of the research. The aim of the research is to define the semiotic status of objects in the Anglo-Saxon and Russian charms and to reveal the functioning of the objects in the text of a charm. The work deals with charms as examples of a sacral text. The research is promising due to the fact that studying a sacral text in this context is based on the anthropocentric approach. The tasks of the research include the following: to denote the status of a charm as a sacral text, to describe the semiotic status of objects in a charm, to reveal the role of a ritual in the objects&rsquo; acquiring the features of signs, to define the functions of semiotic objects in the charms. The scientific novelty of the research is in its comparative analysis of Russian and Anglo-Saxon charms in terms of linguistic semiotics. The author points out and describes several functions of semiosis as a system of objects that have a semiotic status. The major conclusion made as a result of the research is that the symbolic functions of material cultural objects in a sacral text enable the objects to acquire various features when they are included in the ritual component of a charm.

Attitudes of Press and Political Parties from the Accomplishing the Treaty of 1930

This present work adopts the analytic and descriptive methodology to recognize and analyze the major challenges faced by the Iraqi government. The study focuses on the press and national partiers’ cabipility of changing and unifying the opinions of the public in a way that serves the Iraqi interest, taking into account the fact that the press is the fourth authority after the three major authorities, (Executive, Legislation and Judicial). The researcher has concluded that the Iraqi press and parties initiated a national front with the Iraqi people against the government’s signature of the treaty of (1930). The national front illustrated that signing the treaty strengthens the authority of the British occupation upon the national properties, and its internal and external decisions within the political and economic fields. Additionally, an obvious difference related to what has been written in the Iraqi press has been noticed, where the press represents the mirror of the policy and direction of the political parties. However, at the end, their opinions have been formulated in accordance with the benefits of the country. The treaty has given the Iraqi government a namely dependence after years of the British mandate.The major conclusion of this paper shows the effect of 10 newspapers on the public opinions. These include the following: Al-Iraq Press, Al-Nahdha Iraqi Press, Sada Al-Watan Press, and Sada Al-Istaqlal Press. Each press wrote more than 8 articles, tackling the negative side of the treaty. Further, they helped in educating the Iraqi people about the risks, and the negative impact of the treaty in limiting the freedom of the Iraqi people.

The EU Fiscal Risk Matrix – from government debt to climate liabilities

The aim of the article is to identify the main components of government overall liabilities based on the Fiscal Risk Matrix classification introduced by the World Bank in 1999, and to estimate the amount and structure of these liabilities in European Union countries (EU Fiscal Risk Matrix). The climate liabilities definition and methodology included in the EU Fiscal Risk Matrix is also a novelty of the research. The study covered EU member states in the period 2018–2019, taking into account available data from the Eurostat database. On this basis, the EU Fiscal Risk Matrix was developed with the estimated structure of the burden of government liabilities for individual countries and the EU as a whole. The article used statistical and comparative analysis. The major conclusion of our research involves the proposal to implement a unified European methodology of government overall liabilities classification based on the EU Fiscal Risk Matrix to assess the fiscal debt burden and transparency of fiscal policy.

Socio-cultural Relations and Communications in the Post-Pandemic World: Global Reversal or Situational Crisis of Postmodernism

The world of late globalization is distinguished by duality and internal contradictions in socio-cultural relations and communications, which reflects in the crisis of universal models of social behavior. The only area where the principles of social universality remain relevant is the sphere of communications, where active development of new formats and the emergence of new cultural proto-artifacts continues. The coronavirus pandemic has altered the logic of development in this segment of global interaction, since it affected the very foundations of universal social behavior models. Socio-cultural relations, due to a complex of reasons, are becoming a sphere where tendencies interact and compete as well as institutions associated with the period of late globalization, including those that emerged on the wave of its crisis. At the same time, the communication environment becomes extremely important, since new technologies will make it possible to reflect not only macro-trends, but also the evolution of micro-cultures, which, in the context of a systemic (institutional) crisis of globalization, are becoming more important than usual. This symbiotic socio-cultural-communication phenomenon can become one of the most important factors in determining future models of global development. The article analyzes the most important directions of development of the sphere of socio-cultural communications and their transformation in 2020-2021. The article amplifies whether the trends for socio-cultural developments that formed through the pandemic crisis lead towards the formation of a new model of socio-cultural development or such trends remain within the traditional framework. The major conclusion is that the formation of the model has not started yet though the risk of distraction of global socio-cultural – and probably social universality – became obvious. Conclusions are made regarding further transformation of the sphere of socio-cultural development in the current information environment.