History of the Westward Movement. Frederick MerkThe Plains across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840-1860. John D. Unruh, Jr.Frontier Women: The Trans-Mississippi West, 1840-1880. Julie Roy Jeffrey

Abstract Hybrid zones are powerful natural settings for investigating how birds diversify into distinct species. Here we present the first genomic-scale exploration of the Baltimore (Icterus galbula) and Bullock’s (I. bullockii) oriole hybrid zone, which is notable for its long history of study and for its prominence in debates about avian species concepts and species limits. We used a reduced-representation sequencing approach to generate a panel of 3,067 genetic markers for 297 orioles sampled along the Platte River, a natural west-to-east transect across the hybrid zone. We then explored patterns of hybridization and introgression by comparing variation in genomic and plumage traits. We found that hybridization remains prevalent in this area, with nearly all orioles within the hybrid zone showing some degree of genomic mixing, and 41% assigned as recent-generation (F1/F2) hybrids. The center and width of the genomic and plumage gradients are concordant and coincident, supporting our finding that classically scored plumage traits are an accurate predictor of pure vs. hybrid genotypes. We find additional support for previous suggestions that the center of this hybrid zone has moved westward since it was first intensively sampled in the 1950s, but that this westward movement had slowed or ceased by the 1970s. Considered in concert, these results support previous inferences that some form of ongoing selection is counteracting the potential homogenization of these orioles via hybridization, thereby supporting their continued taxonomic separation as distinct species.

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History of the Westward Movement

Western Historical Quarterly ◽

10.2307/967377 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 371

Author(s):

Gerald D. Nash ◽

Frederick Merk

Keyword(s):

History Of ◽

Westward Movement

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Lutheran Immigrant Churches Face the Problems of the Frontier

Church History ◽

10.2307/3161929 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 440-462 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Carl S. Meyer

Keyword(s):

American History ◽

American Christianity ◽

Immigrant Churches ◽

Theological Institutions ◽

History Of ◽

Westward Movement ◽

Source Materials ◽

General Work ◽

Better Than

Turner has no mention of “Lutherans” on the frontier, and Paxson disregards them. Marcus Lee Hansen, better than any other historian, secular or ecclesiastical, has seen the importance of Lutheran immigration, Scandinavian and German, for its relation to the westward movement and the frontier.However, his suggestion that a survey be inaugurated of the source materials in the libraries of theological institutions and in the archives of church headquarters, has not been carried out. A synthesis, too, of the various immigrant movements must be made. Perhaps then the writer of a general work in the history of American Christianity or even the writers of a textbook in American history will see the significance of the Lutheran immigrants on the frontier.

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