During hibernation in the 13-lined ground squirrel, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus , the cerebral cortex is electrically silent, yet the brainstem continues to regulate cardiorespiratory function. Previous work showed that neurons in slices through the medullary ventral respiratory column (VRC) but not the cortex are insensitive to high doses of pentobarbital during hibernation, leading to the hypothesis that GABAA receptors (GABAAR) in the VRC undergo a seasonal modification in subunit composition. To test whether alteration of GABAAR subunits are responsible for hibernation-associated pentobarbital insensitivity, we examined an array of subunits using RT-PCR and Western blots and identified changes in ε- and δ-subunits in the medulla but not the cortex. Using immunohistochemistry, we confirmed that during hibernation, the expression of ε-subunit-containing GABAARs nearly doubles in the VRC. We also identified a population of δ-subunit-containing GABAARs adjacent to the VRC that were differentially expressed during hibernation. As δ-subunit-containing GABAARs are particularly sensitive to ethanol (EtOH), multichannel electrodes were inserted in slices of medulla and cortex from hibernating squirrels and EtOH was applied. EtOH, which normally inhibits neuronal activity, excited VRC but not cortical neurons during hibernation. This excitation was prevented by bicuculline pretreatment, indicating the involvement of GABAARs. We propose that neuronal activity in the VRC during hibernation is unaffected by pentobarbital due to upregulation of ε-subunit-containing GABAARs on VRC neurons. Synaptic input from adjacent inhibitory interneurons that express δ-subunit-containing GABAARs is responsible for the excitatory effects of EtOH on VRC neurons during hibernation.
A Switch and Wave of Neuronal Activity in the Cerebral Cortex During the First Second of Conscious Perception